• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.62-99
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• 1994

The fungal flora of Korean wood-rotting fungi were studied for two years from March of 1990 to February of 1992. Fresh fungi were collected from national parks, local areas, and islands throughout the country. Fleshy fungi of the Aphyllophorales were identified through specimen examination and literature studies. Total 217 species and 1 variety were counted, among which Aleurodiscus cerussatus, Botryobasidium obtusisporum, Ceraceomyces cystidiatus, Erythricium hypnophilum, Grandinia crustosa, Grandinia spathulata, Hyphoderma praetermissum, Hyphoderma roseocremeum, Hypochnicium bombycinum, Hypochnicium detriticum, Hypochnicium lundellii, Laeticorticium roseum, Mycoacia fuscoatra, Peniophora incarnata, Phanerochaete avellanea, Phanerochaete filamentosa, Phanerochaete martelliana, Phlebia lilascens, and Trechispora vaga under the Corticiaceae, Chondrostereum purpureum and Cystostereum subabruptum under the Stereaceae, Tomentella pilosa under the Thelephoraceae, Asterostroma laxum, Hymenochaete cruenta, Hymenochaete fuliginosa, Hymenochaete tabacina, Inonotus radiatus, and Phellinus pomaceus under the Hymenochaetaceae, Antrodia crassa, Antrodia serialis, Ceriporia reticulata, Oligoporus balsameus, Oligoporus guttulatus, Oxyporus cuneatus, Rigidoporus microporus, and Trichaptum laricinum under the Polyporaceae, total 36 species were confirmed as unrecorded species to Korea and are registered here with Korean names and English descriptions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

The cactus habitat in Jeju Island has a phytogeographically specific distribution in the East Asian region, and forms a unique landscape as the only native cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) habitat in Korea. However, there has been no detailed investigation on the distribution of cacti in the habitat and no investigation on the diversity of the mixed composition of plants in the habitats and their correlation with the distribution of cactus populations. This study attempted to investigate the diversity of vascular plants in the Wollyeong-ri cactus habitat and record the actual distribution and trends of cactus distribution. In addition to the distribution characteristics of cacti, we also discuss the characteristics of species reflecting the characteristics of the habitat among the mixed population of plant species, as well as the biological and environmental factors that threaten the maintenance of cactus populations or require management for preservation of cacti. Considering the phenological character, we conducted the field surveys for flora identification six times between June 2015 and September 2017. The Engler classification system was used for the arrangement sequence and names of plants, and the Korean Plant Names Index was adopted for the Korean name of the species. The study results showed that the Wolryung-ri cactus habitat in Jeju Island has the characteristic physiognomy of an area dominated by cactus. For the vascular plants, a total of 125 taxa were identified, including 53 families, 104 genera, 109 species, 15 varieties and 1 forma. Endangered plants specified by the Ministry of Environment were not found. Two species, Cyrtomium falcatum and Asplenium incisum, were identified as the ferns, and no gymnosperms were found. In addition, 123 taxa of angiosperms, 91 taxa of dicotyledones and 32 taxa of monocotyledons were identified. The distributions of cacti were confirmed in 289 meshes corresponding to 59.3% of the total 487 meshes in the cactus protected area, which showed various coverage distributions ranging from 5% to 95%. Most of the meshes where no cacti were found are coastal areas with exposed basalt rocks where the soil depth has not developed or extremely restricted due to repeated waves, or areas where artificial facilities, grasslands, and observation paths have been constructed. On the other hand, there were 71 lattice points in 14.5% of the total area where the cactus showed 70% or higher dominance. Cacti are randomly distributed in these areas. They have adapted to the microhabitat environment and are found to be opportunistically distributed along the growable locations. Considering that the reproduction of cacti in the habitat is mostly dependent on parthenogenesis, the present distribution seems to reflect the potentially distributable regions of cacti in the habitat. Based on the results of field surveys, a management plan for conservation and protection of the protected areas has been proposed.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.401-410
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• 2005

A series of studies involving formulation processes, bubbling activity test, diffusibility test and biological efficacy test was undertaken to develop Jumbo herbicide formulations in paddy rice field. Gas evolution speed from the tablets prepared by different organic acids was in the order of oxalic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid. The total volume of evolved gas from the tablet and diffusibility of the active ingredient in the submerged water were increased with increase of water temperature; the volume from 1 g of tablet at 10, 15, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes after immersion into water was 20, 25, 28, 45, 57 mL, respectively. The concentration of halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl in submerged water at 5, 15, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ at the 2.4 m distance from the applied spot of the tablet was 20, 48, 85, and 97% of the concentration of treated spot, respectively. The evolved gas volume from the tablets was not affected by pH of submerged water. The concentration of halosulfuron-methyl in different sizes of submerged water within 24 hours after treatment of the tablet was maintained 0.16 ppm, which is ideal concentration at standard dosage regardless of the submerged water area. The concentration of pyriminobac-methyl was also uniformly dispersed in the water within 24 hours after applying it into the submerged water. The wind velocity of 5 m $sec^{-1}$ on concentration distribution of halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl in the submerged water 24 hours after treatment was not influenced; an equal concentration in the up the wind and down the wind from the applied spot was maintained. Spot treatments of one tablet formulations(5 g) including 4 times higher dosage at 4 different spots resulted in even concentration distribution of active ingredient in the water 24 hours after applying it into the submerged water.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2006

A study on the restoration process of a stream ecosystem and the water quality renovation technique by removing algae, vegetation and fish monitoring as evaluating the removal of the algae by dietetic characteristics of fishes were performed on Sangdong stream in the B city after stream restoration it to the artificial stream as the cases, restoring urban stream into close-to-nature stream are being increased domestically with the aim of ecological city. As a result, restoration and rehabilitation of the fundamental stream ecosystem was well maintained 4 years later the reclamation at the moment and total 93 diagnosis which were all vascular plant phylum including 44 families, 73 genuses, 79 species and 14 varieties in flora and vegetation community were observed. 3 families, 8 species and 354 populations in total among Fishes were found and Pseudorasbora Parva, Cyprinus Carpic and Carassius Auratus strongly resistant to water pollution were dominantly appeared in order of 50.5% of Pseudorasbora Parva 21.2% of Cyprinus Carpic, 20.9% of Carassius Auratus, 7.1% of Macropodus chinensis and 0.3% of Misqurnus anguillicaudatus according to relative richness index. It turned out to be that Cyprinus Carpic ingests algae over 90% and Carassius Auratus takes it over 30% according to the analysis about the alimentary object of the fishes as a consequences of algae's excrescent from characteristics of the tested experimental stream. It is reported that a Cyprinus Carpic, about 34 cm in length, ingested wet-weight 43.2g algae on the rough analysis toward the sample which makes us recognize how effective a macro community Cyprinus Carpic is for removing algae.As a consequence of this research, the effect of stream ecosystem characteristics and water quality purification could not be expected by aquatic plants and trees which were eliminated at experimental stream. From now on, a close-to-nature stream should be formed of ecological hydraulic and hydrologic engineered modeling from the beginning so that it can perform the water quality purifying function. It is determined that the structure of food chain will be abundantly influenced by the induction of oversized macro community like Cyprinus Carpic because a biomass of a consumer of higher order is increased. It is estimated that the removal algae by fishes is not effective despite in some cases of dietetic characteristics so much more studies should be executed in the future.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 1998

Growth response and acetolactate synthase(ALS) activity were examined to determine the resistance of corn cultivars to primisulfuron when primisulfuron and/ or insecticide Terbufos were applied. Pioneer 3571 IR showed resistance to primisulfuron regardless of Terbufos treatment, but Pioneer 3571 was greatly injured with primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment. Suwon 118 was relatively tolerant to primisulfuron compared to Chalok 2, but crop injury was occurred at both cultivars by primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment. ALS activity at Pioneer 3751 IR was very high in primisulfuron and/ or Terbufos treatment. Suwon 118 also showed higher ALS activity compared to Pioneer 3751 and Chalok 2, but ALS activities were greatly decreased by primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment at Suwon 118 and Chalok 2. The $I_{50}$ concentration for 50% inhibition of the ALS enzyme was 10.0, 0.06, 7.75, and 0.04${\mu}M$ for Pioneer 3751 IR, Pioneer 3751, Suwon 118, and Chalok 2, respectively. Consequently, resistance of corn cultivars to primisulfuron was significantly related to ALS activity. Crop injury and lower ALS activity were recognized in susceptible corn cultivars by primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 1992

In this study, various physiological and biochemical experiments were conducted to know whether the selectivity between rice and barnyardgrass treated with bleaching herbicides containing diphenyl ether compounds was also partly based on their basic physiological proterties such as peroxidation ability, membrane stability or antioxidant system. It seemed to be partly based on the differences of their physiological characteristics that barnyardgrass was commonly more susceptible to most of the bleaching herbicides than rice. The scenescence of intact leaf segment was more rapid in barnyardgrass than in rice, indicating that barnyardgrass is weak at early stage. Also pigment metabolic ability, antioxidant enzyme activities(peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) and antioxidant content (tocopherol, ascorbic acid, glutathione, carotenoids) were lower in barnyardgrass on the basic of fresh weight. However, lipoxygenase activity and the content of unsaturated fatty acid which is vulnerable to oxygen radicals were higher in barnyardgrass, suggesting that barnyardgrass seedling bave a properties easy to be peroxidized. The differences of PPIX (protoporphyrin IX) or carotenoid content, which are the primary substances inducing herbicide activity, were not related to the selectivity between rice and barnyardgrass.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 1995

The sedimentary environments and biostratigrapy of the tidal sediments off the Mankyung-Dongjin River estuary were studied based on sedimentary facies and diatom assemblage analysis. Sediment facies from the five vibracores are mainly clay, silt, and sand facies. The clay and silty sediment facies are more dominant than the sandy facies, and contain diatom frustules. The frequency of the diatom frustules are rate to common, but not found in sandy sediment facies. Bigeneric structures such as burrow and non-bigeneric primary sedimentary structures such as laminated sand and mud or silt and mud couplets, flaser bedding, ripple-cross lamination are found in several stratigraphic levels of the sedimentary sequences. A total of 219 species and varieties, belonging to 61 genera has been identified in the present study. Among them, paralia sulcata is the most abundant species about 30 to 50% of the total diatom frustules. Another predominant species are Cyclotella striata. Thalassionema nitzschioides. Actinoptychus undulatus. Delphineis surirella, Raphoneis amphiceros. Most of the diatoms occurred in this study area are marine, marine-brackish water, and brackish water species, and are benthic and tychopelagic or meroplanktonic species. Also, most of the species are coastal to littoral and littoral to inner neritic species. The occurrences of freshwater species, about 1 to 5% is higher than that of the Namyang Bay tidal sediments. The ecological properties of the diatoms occurred in the study area and primary sedimentary structure such as flaser bedding ripple cross bedding indicate that the deposits are formed under coastal or littoral to subeditorial environments such as tidal zone which was subjected to the influenced of stream water and was more strongly influenced by temperate to warm water than cold water. The sedimentary environments have not been changed distinctively during the time of deposition. The vertical distribution pattern of diatoms in the study area is studied by Q-mode cluster Analysis using spss/pc+ (ver.4.0). The results show that the three cores (GE-3, GE-11, GE-12) are divided into two diatom assemblages, respectively. Biostratigraphic correlation using the data of Q-mode Cluster Analysis are attempt in this study.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.153-167
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• 2015

In order to understand the relationship between the distribution of epilithic diatoms and the habitual environments, land-use, water qualities, and epilithic diatoms were studied at 141 sampling sites in the midwestern stream of Korean peninsula (Geum river, Mangyeong river, Dongjin river, and Sapgyo river). The total 183 diatom taxa was appeared in the study, while the dominant species were found to be Nitzschia palea (10.9%) and Achnanthes convergens (8.4%). Based on the abundance of epilithic diatoms, a cluster analysis results indicate that the sampling sites divided the sampling sites into 4 groups (G) at the 25% level. In term of geographic and aquatic environments, G-I and -II accounted for the upper and mid streams of the Geum river, and had large forest areas and good in water quality. G-III accounted for farmland and urban, and high concentration nutrient levels (TN and TP) and electric conductivity. G-IV accounted for mostly farmland, and high levels in turbidity, BOD, nutrient and electric conductivity. CCA results showed that the saproxenous taxa Meridion circulare was the indicator species of G-I, which strongly influenced by altitude and forests. In G-II, the indifferent taxa Navicula cryptocephala was influenced by Chl-a, AFDM, and DO. In G-III and -IV, the indifferent taxa Fragilaria elliptica and saprophilous taxa Aulacoseira ambigua were influenced by electric conductivity, turbidity, and nutrient counts. Meanwhile, random forest results showed that the predicting factor of indicator species appearance in G-I, -II, and -III was found to be electric conductivity whereas in G-IV it was found to be turbidity. Collectively, the distribution of diatoms in the midwestern of Korean peninsula was found to depend more on the land-use and its subsequent water qualities than the inherent characteristics of the aquatic environment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1998

Phytoplankton community and primary productivity have been investigated in a fall season in the southern coastal waters of the last Sea, Korea. A strong thermocline formed at the 20\~60\;m$ layer and a cold water mass also existed in the bottom around Yong-il Bay. The offshore of the surveyed area was likely to be influenced by relatively warmer water, whereas the inshore represented Higher primary productivity with lower water temperature and lower salinity. A total of 133 species of phytoplankton occurred, representing 107 spp. of diatom, 23 spp. of dinoflagellate 3 spp. of silicoflagellate. Skeletonema costatum and Asterionellepsis glacialis were most predominant with more than $30\%$ dominance ratio, while Leptocylindrus danicus was also dominant at all transect lines. Standing crops of phytoplankton ranged from $2.7{\times}10^3\;to\;141.6{\times}10^3\;cell^{\ell-1}$. Chlorophyll a concentration varied with stations and layers, but the $30\~50$ m layer showed maximun with about $1.18{\mu}g{\ell}^{-1}$ rather than at the surface layer. It is believed that the maximun in standing crops and chlorophyll of phytoplankton formed at the $20\~50$ m layer above the thermocline during the survey. Phytoplankton primary productivity ranged from 0.32 to 3.04 mgC $m^{-3}\;hr^{-1}$, showing higher at the inshore than at the offshore. The range of integrated primary productivity was $263.3\~1085.5 mgC\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ for the euphotic layer. Photosysthesis rates varied with the range from 0.76 to 8.04 mgC mgChl $\alpha^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$. Phytoplankton photosynthesis at the inshore was saturated at lower irradiance ($15\~35\%$ of surface) and showed higher efficiency, Thus, it revealed that the phytoplankton community probably adapted to the middle of euphotic layer because the depth of mixing layer became thinner due to the formation of thermocline.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.355-378
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• 2019

We investigated the flora of vascular plants in Mt. Papyeong which is located in the northern part of Paju and the border of western DMZ through 13 surveys from April 2016 to August 2019. The vascular plants of Mt. Papyeong include 410 taxa; 361 species, 9 subspecies, 36 varieties, and 4 forms from 257 genera of 91 families. Among 410 taxa, we characterize endemic species, rare and endangered plants, floristic regional indicator plants, and climate change adapted plants in Korea. Specifically, there are 9 Korean endemic plants designated by Korea National Arboretum and 6 taxa by Korean Ministry of Environment. According to IUCN evaluation, there are 13 rare and endangered plants in Mt. Papyeong. On the other hand, 2 taxa were listed in a red list suggested by Korean Ministry of Environment. The floristic regional indicator plants include 46 taxa which are composed of 2 species of IV degree, 13 taxa of III degree, 11 taxa of II degree, and 20 taxa of I degree. Also, 27 naturalized plants were identified, and the percentage of Naturalized Index (NI) and Urbanization Index (UI) were 6.58%, and 8.43%, respectively. We hope that this investigation provide a valuable data for applying the further studies on the biodiversity and strategy of conservation of environment in the DMZ and Paju areas.