• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.264-272
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• 2011

It needs to develop high phosphate-available rice that is able to minimize environmental pollution caused by phosphate fertilizer. Then we have transformed 4 rice transporter genes, OsPT(Oryza sativa Phosphate Transporter)1, OsPT4, OsPT7 or OsPT8, to rice (Oryza sativa cv. Dongjin) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We tested adaptation in the P-deficient condition of Dongjin (parental) and each transgenic line in the pot and the field conditions. Definite physiological changes have been observed in OsPTs transgenic lines including culm length, root formation and heading date. Phosphate uptake at harvesting stage was about three times higher in OsPT1-OX (overexpression) and OsPT4-OX than in Dongjin (wt) without P application. There are no variations in total phosphate-content of brown rice of OsPT1-OX in spite of high phosphate uptake. Practically the expression of OsPT1 has contributed to stabilize grain production without P fertilization in rice cultivation than Dongjin.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 1995

The sludge application increased the panicle number per plant and number of spikelets per panicle, resulting in an increase in yield by 10% at Cheongdo, 15% at Chinju and 7% at Yeocheon. With the sludge application (3% w/w), $SiO_2$ content of brown rice was significantly increased. The sludge aplied up to 34.8 ton per hectare increased pH, calcium, and potassium in paddy soils, the application of the sludge to reclaimed saline soil at Yeocheon needs to be reevaluated since the sludge increased soil pH to 7.2 and aggravated drainage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to study the physiological and ecological responses of agronomic characters related to source and sink relation in rice. Standard deviation and coefficient of variability of agronomic characters by individual tiller were greatly influenced by the lower internodes in the length of internode, flag leaf in the leaf blade, lower leaf blade in the leaf width, and the number and spikelets of secondary rachis branch in panicle. In relation to the parts of source and sink of rice plant and the number of spikelet in panicle, the number of spikelet was significantly correlated with the length and leaf area of second leaf blade, the length of second internode, and culm diameter of third internode. The correlation of the length of panicle with the length of internode and leaf blade was greatly influenced by the length of second leaf blade and second internode. The number of spikelet was increased with increasing the second rachis branch rather than first rachis branch. The content of total inorganic nutrients was greatest at leaf blade followed by leaf sheath and internode, and panicle.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.49-54
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• 1972

In order to learn the growth pattern of high yielding paddy and the effect of slaked lime and potassium on the growth pattern, a relationship between the number of panicles and tillers at different growth stages, as well as the effect of slaked lime and potassium on the increase of tillers were studied with three pot and one field experimental results. 1. The number of tillers at early stages of growth has little or negative correlation with the number of panicles. However. the correlation grows positively as the growth stage proceed and become to highly significant from the stage closing to the panicle formation. 2. Potassium is effective on increasing tillers and calcium on decreasing them. The above contradictory effect of potassium and calcium would practically be an important point for the establishment of high yielding technics of paddy, which be the one to be studied from the view point of plant physiology and soil chemistry. 3. The negative effect of calcium on tillering also seemed to be attributed to the pH rise of the media.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 1998

Cyhalofop/bentazon ME and pyribenzoxim EC herbicides were originally developed as foliarapplied herbicides to control weeds at 4-5 leaf stages of barnyard grass 20-25 days after seeding (DAS) in direct-seeding culture but further possible utilization of these two herbicides earlier than 3-4 leaf stages of rice were evaluated for a field where early weed infestations might be severe. The application of cyhalofop/bentazon ME and pyribenzoxim EC at right after rice emergence and the 2-3 leaf stages of rice had an excellent weed control efficacy with above 90% up to 30 DAS without a phytotoxicity of rice plant and the control efficacy of over 80% was maintained until 60 DAS. However, these two herbicides controlled Echinochloa crus-galli very effectively above 97% but Aneilema keisak and Aeschynomene indica were not controlled by cyhalofop/bentazon ME and Cyperus serotinus by pyribenzoxim EC. Therefore, to control those problem weeds, second systematic application of pyribenzoxim EC and pyrazosulfuron/mefenacet G for A. keisak and A. indica, and pyrazosulfuron/molinate G, cyhalofap/ azimsulfuron/molinate G, pyrazosulfuron/mefenacet G and bentazon SL for C. serotinus at 30 DAS was found to be very efficient herbicide systems.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.108-121
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• 2021

Field studies at Suwon, Cheorwon, and Jinbu were carried out to determine the relationship between mean temperature from transplanting to heading (MT) and growth at heading stage of rice. P lant height (P H) and dry weight (DW) at heading stage were significantly correlated with MT, showing second degree polynomials. The optimal temperatures for PH and DW were 23.2 ℃ and 22.8 ℃, respectively. Little differences in rice growth among soils collected from the experimental sites and the temperature-response in a phytotron study supported that MT was the main determinant of the growth shown in the field study. Though number of days to heading increased as MT decreased, cumulative temperatures (CT) affected by sites and MT for given varieties were fairly constant. When applying specific CT for each of the varieties to the temperature in North Korea, (1) five regions (Kaesong, Haeju, Sariwon, Nampo, Pyongyang) were suitable for early to mid-maturing varieties and (2) 14 regions (Yongyon, Singye, Anju, Kusong, Sinuiju, Changjon, Wonsan, Hamhung, Pyonggang, Yangdok, Huichon, Supung, Sinpo, Kanggye) were suitable only for early-maturing varieties. In (1) regions, the similar extent of growth with that in Suwon could be achieved when mid-maturing varieties grown in Suwon are cultivated. Among (2) regions, early-maturing varieties are expected to demonstrate the similar extent of growth with that in Cheorwon in 9 regions except Hamhung, Kanggye, Pyonggang, Yangdok, and Sinpo. For Hamhung and Kanggye, the target PH was assessed as 4cm higher than that shown in Cheorwon. P lant height of 8-14cm and DW of 2-4g per hill greater than those shown in Cheorwon were the target growth for P yonggang, Yangdok, and Sinpo to attain the similar amount of growth with that in Cheorwon. It is suggested that rice varieties for North Korea could be bred by adjusting the target growth at the breeding sites in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 1997

This experiment were carried out to clarify the effects of several factory wastes on the emergence and seedling growth of five crop species, rice, Chinese cabbage, melon, and tomato. Wastes of three factories treated by several concentrations on the soil in which crop were seeded. In rice seedling experiments, the rice seedlings were treated with factory wastes hydroponically. Factory wastes used in the experiment were obtained from leather, phenol resin, and dye factory. The growth of rice seedlings was inhibited by each factory wastes, but the dry weight of rice seedling was increased by the low concentration below 1/16 dilution of leather factory waste. During 15 days, dry matter accumulation of rice seedlings treated with undiluted factory wastes decreased to 46.0, 51.4, -5.4% of control by treating wastes of phenol resin, leather, and dye factory respectively. The injury of crops by leather factory waste was severe in tomato but slight in barley. Waste of phenol resin factory affects highly both on Chinese cabbage and on melon. When dye factory waste was treated on each crop, all plants died in the treatments of waste solution which diluted to 1/8 of original waste. Tomato and melon were most sensitive crop species to the waste of dye factory. Although the responses of crops to each factory waste were various, the degree of injuries were more higher in vegetables than cereal crops.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2012

A field study was conducted at Miryang in 2011 to evaluate differential sensitivity of six rice cultivars, three Indica${\times}$Japonica rice (long grain, cv. Hanareumbyeo, Hanareum2, Dasanbyeo) and three Japonica rice (short grain, Nampyung, Ilpumbyeo and Junamjosaeng) cultivars, to benzobicyclon, mesotrione+pretilachlor (MP) and butachlor (control) in transplanting rice and their treatment influences on rice yield. All Indica${\times}$Japonica rice cultivars exhibited susceptible to both benzobicyclon and MP as reflected by higher visual injury and carotenoid biosynthesis inhibition when compared with Japonica rice cutlivars. The percentage of foliar chlorosis of Indica${\times}$Japonica rice was only 0.9~4.7% for benzobicyclon at 13 days after treatment (DAT) and 30.3~64.4% for MP at 5DAT but it increased rapidly to 88.4~91.2% at 12~20DAT. However, most of the Japonica cultivars are tolerant to bezobicyclon and MP. There was no visible leaf chlorosis but carotenoid biosynthesis was slightly inhibited. Based on relative carotenoid content reduction of benzobicyclon and MP to butachlor, the Indica${\times}$Japonica rice showed 4.6~15.6 fold higher compared with the Japonica rice. The heading date of the injured rice plant was delayed by 3 days and panicle number per square meter and ripened grain ratio were reduced as compared with the control treatment of butachlor. Rice yield of the Indica${\times}$Japonica rice cultivars treated with benzobicyclon and MP was reduced by 7~10%, 3~5%. respectively. The result indicates that rice cultivars vary in tolerance to HPPD-Inhibiting herbicides and Indica${\times}$Japonica rices were more susceptible than the Japonica rices to MP and benzobicyclon. Rice yield of the Indica${\times}$Japonica rices was also significantly reduced by the those herbicide treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 1995

Popped popcorn generally have a regular popping direction and typical shape. But the reason and mechanism are not clear yet. This experiment was carried out to investigate the shape moulding factor of popped popcorn. Pericarp thickness of tip-cap section of kernels is slightly thicker than that of top section and this fact provides the important information to the reason. Popping starts when the moisture pressure of heated popcorn is increased and reaches at the critical pressure. Therefore, in the same moisture pressure conditions, top sections are bursted first because their pericarp section is thinner than that of tip-cap section. At the very moment tip-cap sections pull down the top sections of peri carp as bi-metal does. So kernels which removed tip-cap section showed the irregular popping shape because they lost the tip-cap pericarp function. How-ever, kernels which removed embryo showed the typical popping shape but their popping volume was small due to emition and shortage of critical moisture pressure. But kernels which removed the whole pericarp and top pericarp were not popped at all because moisture was entirely emitting out of kernels. These results suggest that the shape moulding factor of popped popcorn is the pericarp thickness differences between the top and tip-cap section of kernels.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1971

1. 수도(水稻)의 생육기간(生育其間)만이라도 심수하(甚水下)에 있어야하는 논은 투수성(透水性)의 영향(影響)을 받아야 하고, 동영향(同影響)은 수도생육(水稻生育)과 관련(關聯)을 갖는다. 즉(卽) 투수성(透水性)이 클 경우(境遇)에는 물의 소비(消費)가 많을 뿐만이 아니라 영양분(營養分)의 유실(流失) 및 유효화(有效化)가 억제(抑制)되고, 투수성(透水性)이 적을 경우(境遇)에에는 심(甚)한 환원상태(還元狀態)의 발달(發達)로 유해성분(有害成分)이 집적(集積)되어 수도(水稻)의 생육(生育)은 해(害)를 입게된다. 이렇게 생각하면 투수성(透水性)으로 본 벼 생육(生肉)에 가장 적합(適合)한 토양조건(土壤條件)이 있을 것인바 이 조건(條件)은 토양(土壤)의 종류외(種類外)에도 수도(水稻)의 품종(品種)이나 생육시기(生育時期)에 따라 다른것이다. 2. 투수성(透水性)이 큰 토양(土壤)에는 잘 유거(流去)되지 않는 비료(肥料)(유기물비료(有機物肥料)나 용성연비(熔成憐肥) 등(等))를 쓸것이며, 투수성(透水性)이 적고 유해성분(有害成分)이 집적(集積)되기 쉬운 토양(土壤)에는 류산근(류硫酸根)이나 유기질(有機質) 비료등(肥料等) 유해성분(有害成分)의 집적(集積)을 증가(增加)할 우려가 있는 비료(肥料)의 시용(施用)을 삼가야 한다. 3. 기왕(旣往) 국내(國內)에서 실시(實施)한 시험결과(試驗結果)에 의(依)하면 중점토(重粘土)에서는 연산(憐酸), 중점토(重粘土)와 퇴화염토(退化鹽土)에서는 가리결핍(加里缺乏)을 일으키기 쉬운것 같으나 그 밖의 토양(土壤)에서는 뚜렷한 경향(傾向)이 인정(認定)되지 않는다. 4. 투수성(透水性)이 큰 토양(土壤)에서는 산적토(山赤土)를 객토(客土)하는 경우(境遇)가 많은 바 이때에는 금비(金肥) 특(特)히 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)를, 객토(客土)하지 않았을때 보다 많이 써야 하는것이 일반적(一般的)이다. 5. 투수성(透水性)이 약(弱)하고 유해성분(有害成分)이 집적(集積)되기 쉬운 논에는 우선(于先) 석회(石灰)(소석회(消石灰))를 시용(施用)하여 토양반응(土壤反應)을 높여야 하며 심(甚)한 노후답(老朽畓)이나 퇴화염토(退化鹽土)에는 석회(石灰)와 아울러 규산질(珪酸質) 비료(肥料)를 시용(施用)한 연후(然後)에 비료(肥料) 삼요소(三要素) 시용(施用)을 고려(考慮)해야 할 것이다. 산성(酸性)으로 기울어져있는 많은 우리나라 논 토양(土壤)에는 알칼리성(性) 비료(肥料)인 용성연비(熔成憐肥)를 시용(施用)하는 것이 효과적(效果的) 일것이다. 6. 소석회(消石灰)와 규산(珪酸)의 시용(施用)은 연산(憐酸)과 가리(加里)의 요구량(要求量)을 증가(增加) 할것이며 비료(肥料) 삼요소(三要素)에 대(對)한 수도(水稻)의 응수곡선(應酬曲線)의 모습을 기왕(旣往)의 것과 달리 할것이다.