• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigated the distribution, ecological character and life cycle of Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens, to determine effects of BSF on composing ability to the livestock feces. The distribution of BSF was defined in all parts of the country in Korea. Its main habitat was found to be areas near cattle sheds, feces sheds, living waste dump grounds, and food waste dump grounds. Excellent species of the bio-conversion using the livestock feces were selected out of two kinds of solider flies(Hermetia illucens and Ptecticus tenebrifer). And effects of BSF on composing ability to the livestock feces were pig feces 0.5 g, cattle feces 0.43 g and chicken feces 0.3 g per a larvae of BSF. In the examination of the ability of BSF to decompose food waste, volume of the livestock feces decreased by weight pig feces 77, cattle feces 83.62 and chicken feces 80%. Observed characteristics of BSF larvae and pupae stage were by developmental stage may be summarized as follows: size and length of larvae and pupae of BSF were higher than in pig feces and mixed sawdust treatments. In order to develop artificial indoor rearing techniques, The pupation and emergence rate were not visible the difference but important factor of the mating and egg-laying was a sun light. And it was visible the difference in mating ratio. Mating rate of H. illucens by seasonal change was the highest from May to July. Mating mostly occurred between 10 : 00 and 12 : 00 during which light intensity is high. As the egg-laying medium for artificial egg collection, calf feed and food waste were most effective. The ratio of egg-laying medium is waste food : sawdust(1 : 1) in volume. For egg-laying materials, flower foam and wood with holes were used; holes sized 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, 7 ~ 10 mm in depth were most preferred for egg-laying.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.875-882
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• 2021

To minimize occupational noise induced hearing loss, it is recommended that workers should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA for over 8 h. In the present study, noise exposure levels were measured for seven workers based on their tasks on a training ship. The A-weighted noise exposure level (L_ex,24h) was measured by taking into account the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level (L_Aeq,i), duration (h) and noise contribution (L_ex,24h,i) from the workers' locations. Results are thus obtained for different job categories as follows: officer group L_ex,24h=56.1 dB, navigation crew L_ex,24h=58.9 dB, navigation cadet L_ex,24h=62.0 dB, ship's cook L_ex,24h=64.3 dB, engine cadet L_ex,24h=91.1 dB, engineer L_ex,24h=91.1 dB, and engine crew L_ex,24h=95.1 dB. It was determined that the engineers, engine crews, and engine cadets in charge of machinery must wear hearing protection devices. By wearing hearing protection devices when working in highly noisy engine rooms, it is estimated that the noise expose levels could be reduced by the following amounts: engineer L_ex,24h=23.1 dB, engine Crew L_ex,24h=24.4 dB, and engine cadet L_ex,24h=21.5 dB. Moreover, if the no. 2 lecture room and mess room bottom plates in the cadets accommodations were improved to the 64 mm A-60-class floating plates, then further reductions are possible as follows: navigation cadet L_ex,24h=4.3 dB and engine cadet L_ex,24h=1.8 dB.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2021

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of CaCl₂ foliar spraying on the inhibition of blossom-end rot (BER) in hot summer paprika (Capsicum annum L. 'Special') cultivation. The effect of CaCl₂ application was examined by the foliar application based on different fruit size, frequency, and spraying time. Also, it was investigated the occurrence and alleviation effect of BER symptom. Foliar application of CaCl₂ (Ca 0.4%) was conducted by treating a fruit and leaf at 4 to 9 nodes above the crown flowers of each plant with 350 mL per week from June 3 to July 1. When the CaCl₂ was sprayed at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks, the Ca content was the lowest in the fruit harvested with BER symptom in 11 to 20 mm of fruit width (FW). Four different regions in both BER symptom and normal fruits showed significant differences of Ca content, the highest was in pedicel, followed by stem-end, middle, and blossom-end. The Ca content increased sharply in normal paprika with 31-40 mm FW, in which Ca content was 78% higher than that of BER. Ca content in the middle and blossom-end of paprika over 21 mm in FW ranged 19.8% to 28.8% in normal fruits and 15.7% to 18.5% in BER, respectively. The incidence of BER increased rapidly by more than 60% in fruits with 31-40 mm FW. While there was no difference in fruit weight among the FW treatment, marketable yield rate was highest in the 21-30 mm FW, and the sugar content was high in the 11-30mm FW. When CaCl₂ was applied three times for 7 days to a paprika having a 21- 30 mm FW, the cell wall-bound (CWB) Ca content was the highest and the rate of BER was lowest with 6.3%. After 10 days of CaCl₂ foliar spray treatment, the CWB Ca content of paprika increased by 2.9 to 3.5 times compared to the control in all treatments. At 7 days after the CaCl₂ foliar spraying once a day at varying spraying time, the leaf burn observed from 9:30 a.m. to 17:00 p.m. and the proline content increased as the spraying time was delayed. Therefore, the CaCl₂ foliar spraying method for reducing of BER occurrence during paprika summer cultivation seems to be appropriate to spray 2-3 times at intervals of 3 days and before 8 a.m. at the time when the FW is 21-30 mm.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_1
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• pp.1657-1667
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• 2021

Anthropogenic activities and natural processes have been causes of land subsidence which is sudden sinking or gradual settlement of the earth's solid surface. Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, is one of the most severe land subsidence areas which are resulted from excessive groundwater extraction. Because groundwater is the primary water resource occupies almost 70% of total water usage in the city. Traditional terrestrial observations like the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or leveling survey have been preferred to measure land subsidence accurately. Although the GNSS observations have highly accurate information of the surfaces' displacement with a very high temporal resolution, it has often been limited due to its sparse spatial resolution and highly time-consuming and high cost. However, space-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry has been widely used as a powerful tool to monitor surfaces' displacement with high spatial resolution and high accuracy from mm to cm-scale, regardless of day-or-night and weather conditions. In this paper, advanced interferometric approaches have been applied to get a time-series of land subsidence of Mexico City using four-year-long twenty ALOS PALSAR L-band observations acquired from Feb-11, 2007 to Feb-22, 2011. We utilized persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) and small baseline subset (SBAS) techniques to suppress atmospheric artifacts and topography errors. The results show that the maximum subsidence rates of the PSI and SBAS method were -29.5 cm/year and -27.0 cm/year, respectively. In addition, we discuss the different subsidence rates where the study area is discriminated into three districts according to distinctive geotechnical characteristics. The significant subsidence rate occurred in the lacustrine sediments with higher compressibility than harder bedrock.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2021

In general, stormwater flows to the road surface, especially in urban areas, and it is discharged through the drainage grate inlets on roads. The appropriate evaluation of the road drainage capacity is essential not only in the design of roads and inlets but also in the design of sewer systems. However, the method of road surface flow analysis that reflects the topographical and hydraulic conditions might not be fully developed. Therefore, the enhanced method of road surface flow analysis should be presented by investigating the existing analysis method such as the flow analysis module (uniform; varied) and the flow travel time (critical; fixed). In this study, the algorithm based on varied and uniform flow analysis was developed to analyze the flow pattern of road surface. The numerical analysis applied the uniform and varied flow analysis module and travel time as parameters were conducted to estimate the characteristics of rainfall-runoff in various road conditions using the developed algorithm. The width of the road (two-lane (6 m)) and the slope of the road (longitudinal slope of road 1 - 10%, transverse slope of road 2%, and transverse slope of gutter 2 - 10%) was considered. In addition, the flow of the road surface is collected from the gutter along the road slope and drained through the gutter in the downstream part, and the width of the gutter was selected to be 0.5 m. The simulation results were revealed that the runoff characteristics were affected by the road slope conditions, and it was found that the varied flow analysis module adequately reflected the gutter flow which is changed along the downstream caused by collecting of road surface flow at the gutter. The varied flow analysis module simulated 11.80% longer flow travel time on average (max. 23.66%) and 4.73% larger total road surface discharge on average (max. 9.50%) than the uniform flow analysis module. In order to accurately estimate the amount of runoff from the road, it was appropriate to perform flow analysis by applying the critical duration and the varied flow analysis module. The developed algorithm was expected to be able to be used in the design of road drainage because it was accurately simulated the runoff characteristics on the road surface.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.277-312
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• 2018

First-order cybernetics during the 1940s and 1950s aimed for control of an observed system, while second-order cybernetics during the mid-1970s aspired to address the mechanism of an observing system. The former pursues an objective, subjectless, approach to a system, whereas the latter prefers a subjective, personal approach to a system. Second-order observation must be noted since a human observer is a living system that has its unique cognition. Maturana and Varela place the autopoiesis of this biological system at the core of second-order cybernetics. They contend that an autpoietic system maintains, transforms and produces itself. Technoscientific recreation of biological autopoiesis opens up to a new step in cybernetics: what I describe as third-order cybernetics. The formation of technoscientific autopoiesis overlaps with the Fourth Industrial Revolution or what Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee call the Second Machine Age. It leads to a radical shift from human centrism to posthumanity whereby humanity is mechanized, and machinery is biologized. In two versions of the novel Demon Seed, American novelist Dean Koontz explores the significance of technoscientific autopoiesis. The 1973 version dramatizes two kinds of observers: the technophobic human observer and the technology-friendly machine observer Proteus. As the story concludes, the former dominates the latter with the result that an anthropocentric position still works. The 1997 version, however, reveals the victory of the techno-friendly narrator Proteus over the anthropocentric narrator. Losing his narrational position, the technophobic human narrator of the story disappears. In the 1997 version, Proteus becomes the subject of desire in luring divorcee Susan. He longs to flaunt his male egomaniac. His achievement of male identity is a sign of technological autopoiesis characteristic of third-order cybernetics. To display self-producing capabilities integral to the autonomy of machinery, Koontz's novel demonstrates that Proteus manipulates Susan's egg to produce a human-machine mixture. Koontz's demon child, problematically enough, implicates the future of eugenics in an era of technological autopoiesis. Proteus creates a crossbreed of humanity and machinery to engineer a perfect body and mind. He fixes incurable or intractable diseases through genetic modifications. Proteus transfers a vast amount of digital information to his offspring's brain, which enables the demon child to achieve state-of-the-art intelligence. His technological editing of human genes and consciousness leads to digital standardization through unanimous spread of the best qualities of humanity. He gathers distinguished human genes and mental status much like collecting luxury brands. Accordingly, Proteus's child-making project ultimately moves towards technologically-controlled eugenics. Pointedly, it disturbs the classical ideal of liberal humanism celebrating a human being as the master of his or her nature.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.554-558
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• 2011

A single cross hybrid, 'Eolrukchal 1', is a bicolor waxy corn (Zea mays L.) developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2007. This hybrid, which has a high eating quality, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KBW23 and KW33. KBW23 was a seed parent and KW33 was a the pollen parent of 'Eolrukchal 1'. Ear length and diameter of 'Eolrukchal 1' is 18.4 cm and 4.5 cm, respectively. The ratio of kernel set length/ear length is 89%, similar with that of a check hybrid, 'Chalok 1'. It is resistant to Exserohilum turcicum (Northern corn leaf blight) and its lodging resistance is higher than that of 'Chalok 1'. The yield of 'Eolrukchal 1' in fresh ear weight was 9.80 ton/ha and 14% higher than that of 'Chalok 1' in regional yield trials (RYT) from 2005 to 2007. A seed production of this hybrid has been well due to good match during crossing between the seed and the pollen parents. It is adaptable to the whole country except Jeju-do.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.44
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• pp.411-430
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• 2016

One of central issues in the Literature and Science discourses during the Victorian era is the relation of physiology to psychology. Many thinkers tackle the question of whether or not psychic phenomena can be reducible to their physiological bases. For instance, Victorian physiologist William Benjamin Carpenter claims that there should be a boundary between physiological and psychological qualities. Yet, his contemporary writer Grant Allen contends for the reduction of psychology into physiology. In the essay, I discuss Grant Allen's work Physiological Aesthetics (1877) so as to eventually problematize his physiological reductionism. I especially highlight the paradox of his physiological aesthetics. In order to clarify my argument, I introduce two concepts: evolutionary aesthetics and physiological reductionism. On the one hand, Allen argues for the development of aesthetic appreciation. The gradual evolution from gaudy to serene colors, for instance, reflects the fine differentiation of sensory organs. He believes that the existence of varied aesthetic pleasures corresponds to the evolution of sensory nerve structures. Nonetheless, Allen ironically gives more weight to the commonality of aesthetic experiences than to this teleological ordering of aesthetic experiences. He argues that there is no fundamental difference among humans in terms of their aesthetic assessments. Furthermore, there is even no essential distinction among plants, animals, and humans in light of their aesthetic appraisals, he states firmly. Although he asserts the gradual advance of aesthetic feelings caused by the intricacy of nervous systems, he simultaneously trivializes the evolution of aesthetic appraisal. In the essay, I highlight this paradox in Allen's physiological aesthetics. It should be underscored, lamentably enough, that Allen seeks biological purity by erasing fine lines among physiology, psychology, and sociality. He estranges aesthetic experiences from subjective variations and their socio-cultural contexts. He makes great efforts to eliminate individual differences and socio-cultural specificities in order to extremely biologize aesthetic experiences. Hence, Allen's physiological aesthetics is marked as the politics of physiological purification.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in fatty acid composition and phytosterol content of the autumn sowing waxy corn during its ripening period for the production of high quality and value-added fresh ears. The content of crude oil in the waxy corn kernels steadily increased with days after pollination(DAP); the crude oil content in Heukjinjuchal (HC) was higher than that in Ilmichal (IC). The composition of fatty acids according to DAP showed a statistically significant change; palmitic and linoleic acid composition gradually decreased, but oleic acid increased, and the composition of unsaturated fatty acids in HC was higher than that in IC. The phytosterol content was increased until 33 DAP, and was 937.7 mg/100g and 867.9 mg/100g in IC and HC, respectively, but there was no statistically significant difference between the varieties. The phytosterol contents in IC varied in the following order: ${\beta}-sitosterol$ > stigmasterol > campesterol, but that in HC varied in the order ${\beta}-sitosterol$ > campesterol > stigmasterol. The campesterol content did not show significant differences between the varieties, but the stigmasterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$ content was significantly higher in HC than in IC. Palmitic, linolieic, and linolenic acid were significantly correlated with campesterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$, and stearic acid was positively correlated with stigmasterol. Oleic acid was positively correlated with campesterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$ but negatively correlated with stigmasterol. As a result, it was suggested that fatty acids may affect the variation in phytosterol contents during the ripening period in waxy corn.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.327-339
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• 2018

This study aimed to provide basic data for establishing the clinical basis for dental hygienist-led dental hygiene process of care by identifying multiple risk factors for self-support program participants in Gangneung city; we also compared oral health status and behavioral changes through customized oral health care. Four dental hygienists who were evaluated for degree of conformity provided dental hygiene process of care to eight self-support program participants who were selected as having an oral health risk among people in the self-support center. The clinical indicators measured during dental hygiene assessment and evaluation and behavioral changes due to dental hygiene intervention were compared and analyzed. With respect to clinical indicators, at the time of probe, the retention rate of patients with gingival bleeding decreased from 61.4% to 14.7% after intervention (p=0.004). Furthermore, the retention rate of patients with a periodontal pocket >4 mm decreased from 15.6% to 5.8% (p=0.001). The average modified O'Leary index of the patients improved from 23 to 40 (p=0.002). Previously, all eight subjects used the vertical or horizontal method of brushing; after dental hygiene care interventions regarding method and frequency of toothbrushing, use of oral care products, and individual interventions, they started using the rolling or Bass method of toothbrushing. Four of eight subjects reported using interdental toothbrushes after intervention. As a result of applying the change model to the transtheoretical behavior change of the subject, the result of strengthening the health behavior was confirmed. For promotion of oral health by the prevention-centered incremental oral health care system, dental hygienist-led dental hygiene management and maintenance is essential. It is thought that continuous research, such as for feasibility evaluation, cost benefit analysis, and preparation of legal systems, is needed to establish and activate dental hygiene management.