• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.202-216
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• 2022

Animals exhibit certain behaviors and movement patterns as they react to their internal needs, external stimuli, and surrounding environments. They have a bounded range in which they mostly spend their time, and it is referred to as a home range. Based on the fact that the home range is a critical area for the survival and preservation of species, there has been a growing body of research on developing more precise home range estimation methods to use the estimated ranges as a ground for establishing an effective conservation policy since the early 1940s. Recent rapid advancements in telemetry technology that resulted in the presence of autocorrelation between locations with short time intervals revealed the limitations of the existing estimators. Many novel estimators have been developed to compensate for it by incorporating autocorrelation in calculating home ranges. However, studies on the animal home range are still in their early stage in Korea, and newly developed methodologies have not yet been adopted. Therefore, this study aims to introduce the foreign home range estimation methods and foster domestic research activities on home ranges. Firstly, we compared and contemplated seven estimators by categorizing them into geometrical and statistical methodologies and then divided them into estimators that assume independent observations and those that consider autocorrelation in each category. After that, the home ranges of black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) were calculated using GPS tracking data for the month of June and derived home range estimators by applying the methodology introduced in this study. We analyzed and compared the results to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Lastly, we proposed a guideline that can help researchers choose an appropriate estimator for home range calculation based on the animal location data characteristics and analysis purpose.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

During incubation, pelagic seabirds undergo large variations in their body mass as a result of concomitant fasting. In Procellariifomes undergoing important changes in body mass through the incubation, body mass regulation could be an important factor in behavioural decisions for changing activities during the incubation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of individuals' quality and incubation behaviour on their body mass regulation in Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas breeding at Sasudo Island, in Jeju, South Korea during incubation period, June to August in 2013. In our results, we found that there was no relationship between the daily body mass loss and body size or condition of Streaked Shearwaters. However, the daily body mass loss increased significantly as the incubation bout increased. Moreover, the daily incubation bout was positively related to their body size. Consequently, although breeders' qualities were not related to their daily body mass loss during the incubation, the incubation behaviour affecting their daily body mass loss was regulated by their body size. Therefore, the body size of Streaked Shearwater breeders is one of important factors in their decisions for the incubation behaviour.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.98-102
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• 2006

We studied the behavior of black vultures breeding in Erdenesant, Mongolia through time budget observation. We observed a pair of black vulture for 115 days from April 30 to August 22, 2005, of which 15 days were before hatching and 100 days of brood rearing. The egg hatched on May $14^{th}$. Incubation was done by both a male and female vultures, but the period covered by the male vulture(56.82%) was longer than that by the female one(34.62%). In the early days of brood rearing, time spent by the female vulture at the nest took 54.9 % and it was 19.27% for the male. In the middle of brood rearing period, just inaction and preening were noticed, as they watched their chicks for a long time without sheltering chick under the parent's body. Late brood rearing period was characterized by less chick care and adults mostly stayed in the nest only when to feed the chicks. During breeding time, both the male and the female vulture fed only the chicks and did not give food to each other. During rearing period, the male vulture fed the chick more often than female.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2014

This study is on the characteristics of habitat use of Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus in Upo-wetland from June to August in 2013. The purpose is population management of Pheasant-tailed Jacana. Four nests were founded which are located in $56.2{\pm}16.37m$ from the waterside. Pheasant-tailed Jacana made their nests above Euryale ferox which consists with water plants such as Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrocharis duvia and so on. Human beings seem to be the biggest obstacle of their breeding, according to this, Pheasant-tailed Jacana moved their eggs. Only two out of four nests, they moved their eggs and the distance was 1 to 2 meters from the nests. Since plant community of Euryale ferox is extensively distributed and water level also keep stable in Upo-wetland, the number of Pheasant-tailed Jacana coming to Upo-wetland is expected to increase every year. In the past, the number of Pheasant-tailed Jacana coming to Korea was too little to include management plan, but now, we need to manage them because of their population growth and the regular advent.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2008

Bombina orientalis, or Korean fire-bellied toad is belonging to Class Amphinia, Order Anura, Family Bombinatoridae, Genus Bombina. Ecological characteristics, such as small size, slow moving and swimming, gentle attitude to other species, under laboratory and/or wild condition lead the toad as suitable experimental animals with easy handling. Seasonal reproductive biology except breeding season (usually from Apr. to late Jun.) are unknown still caused by sampling methods for hibernating specimens have not been established yet. Most species of amphibian, include B. orientalis, are declined around the world related with global warming, therefore, wild caught specimen for any purposes must be limited controled soon. Even though, some pre-studies of biotope for increasing biodiversity have been reported, construction of an artificial biotope to get natural breeding cycling specimen for study of amphibian reproduction is unique modelling and only trial. In an effort to set year-round sampling for study of reproduction of B. orientalis, we suggest protocols for planning, construction manual and SOP(Standard Operation Process) to manage amphibian biotope. During pilot operation of a designed and constructed biotope, the seasonal acclimation during winter hibernation of B. orientalis were successful. It will be helpful for studying the reproductive biology of wild amphibians in temperate region and allow to get reasonable research conditions in amphibian laboratory.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.383-393
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• 2011

Because communication facilitates behaviors that are critical for survival and reproduction, it is central to the study of behavior and evolution. One of the most important and difficult issues with respect to communication has been the definition of communication itself. Broadly, it can be defined as an exchange of information from a signaler to a receiver. However, evolution of a signal is likely possible only under conditions in which both the signaler and receiver increase fitness from the exchange of information, often referred to as "true communication." The three primary sensory channels of communication used by animals are chemical, visual, and acoustic. Chemical signals are the oldest and most widespread method of communication. Visual and acoustic signals convey a great deal of information due to ease of modulation, flexibility of signal production, and fast transmission. The most widespread contexts in which animals communicate are sexual interaction and conflict resolution. Signals used for sexual interaction typically contain information about species identity and sexual attractiveness, whereas signals used for conflict resolution may contain information about resource holding potential. Other contexts under which animals communicate include territorial defense, parent-offspring interactions, social integration, sharing of environmental information, and auto-communication.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2023

This study aimed to understand social interactions by observing the courtship and attack behavior between individuals of 15 (6 females and 9 males) Reeves' turtle (Mauremys reevesii) in captivity in the Wolchulsan National Park. CCTV was installed in the study area from May 18, 2020 to October 19, 2020 and recorded 3 days a week (24 hours/day) for a total of 64 days and analyzed at intervals of 10 minutes per hour. Male turtle courtship was observed 884 times in total, with the heaviest females receiving the highest courtship frequency (357 times) and the smallest females receiving the least courtship (3 times). Of a total of observed 259 aggressive behaviors, 30 were for female to female, 81 for male to male, and 148 for female to male. Dominance hierarchy identified based on the result ranked females higher overall than males, and the larger the body, the higher the ranking. This study was the first in Korea to confirm individuals with high probability of reproduction through the frequency of courtship in the Reeves' turtle and investigate dominance hierarchy according to attack behavior. Our results can be used as reference behavioral data for managing and protecting the endangered Reeves' turtles and will help us understand their social structure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

Domestic cats (Felis catus) introduced to insular environments can be invasive predators that often threaten endemic species and cause biodiversity loss or local extinction on the island. This study was conducted from March to July 2018 to understand the population size, home range, and spatial use of cats introduced to Mara Islet (N 33° 07', E 126° 16') in Jeju Special Governing Province, the Republic of Korea. Observation records based on their natural marks revealed that there were 20 adult cats on Mara Islet. A capture-recapture method also estimated 20 adult individuals (95% confidence interval: 20-24 individuals). According to our telemetry study on ten adults deployed with GPS-based telemetry units, the home range size was 12.05±6.99 ha (95% KDE: kernel density estimation), and the core habitat size was 1.60±0.77 ha (50% KDE). There were no significant differences in the home range and core habitat sizes by sex. The home range of domestic cats overlapped with the human residential area, where they might secure easy foods. Five of ten tracked cats were active at potential breeding colonies for the Crested Murrlet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume), and six approached potential breeding areas of the Styan's Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella pleskei), suggesting the predation risk of the two endangered species by cats. This study provides novel information on the population size and home range of introduced cats on Mara Islet which is an important stopover site of migratory birds as well as a breeding habitat of the two endangered avian species. Reducing the potential negative impacts of the introduced cats on migratory birds and the endangered species on Mara Islet requires monitoring of the predation rate of birds by cats, the population trends of cats and endangered breeding birds as well as the effective cat population control and management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.333-343
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• 2015

This research aims at identifying the goshawk's possible and replaceable breeding ground by using the MaxEnt prediction model which has so far been insufficiently used in Korea, and providing evidence to expand possible protection areas for the goshawk's breeding for the future. The field research identified 10 goshawk's nests, and 23 appearance points confirmed during the 3rd round of environmental research were used for analysis. 4 geomorphic, 3 environmental, 7 distance, and 9 weather factors were used as model variables. The final environmental variables were selected through non-parametric verification between appearance and non-appearance coordinates identified by random sampling. The final predictive model (MaxEnt) was structured using 10 factors related to breeding ground and 7 factors related to appearance area selected by statistics verification. According to the results of the study, the factor that affected breeding point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from mixforest, density-class on the forest map and relief energy. The factor that affected appearance point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from rivers and ponds, distance from agricultural land and gradient. The nature of the goshawk's breeding environment and habit to breed inside forests were reflected in this modeling that targets breeding points. The northern central area which is about $189.5 km^2$(2.55 %) is expected to be suitable breeding ground. Large cities such as Cheongju and Chungju are located in the southern part of Chungcheongbuk-do whereas the northern part of Chungcheongbuk-do has evenly distributed forests and farmlands, which helps goshawks have a scope of influence and food source to breed. Appearance point modeling predicted an area of $3,071 km^2$(41.38 %) showing a wider ranging habitat than that of the breeding point modeling due to some limitations such as limited moving observation and non-consideration of seasonal changes. When targeting the breeding points, a specific predictive area can be deduced but it is difficult to check the points of nests and it is impossible to reflect the goshawk's behavioral area. On the other hand, when targeting appearance points, a wider ranging area can be covered but it is less accurate compared to predictive breeding point since simple movements and constant use status are not reflected. However, with these results, the goshawk's habitat can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. In particular, it is necessary to apply precise predictive breeding area data based on habitat modeling results when enforcing an environmental evaluation or establishing a development plan.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1159-1166
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• 2017

Cattle behavior detection system based on Internet of Things is designed and implemented by using gyroscope and acceleration sensor, Arduino pro-mini and bluetooth module. The implemented system measures cattle's moving and the measured data are transmitted to smart phone by bluetooth module. They are displayed by 2-dimensional graph on the smart phone and the number of cattle's step are calculated from the graph. The detected and gathered data from the system are analyzed by the proposed algorithm to decide which cows are in the estrus or not, and the proposed system can be used to increase the success rate of artificial insemination in normal estrus by detecting cow's behaviors such as the number of steps and jumping. In this paper, the implemented cattle behavior detecting system are strapped on cattle's leg and it measures cattle behaviors for determining that a cattle is estrus or not by the proposed algorithm. In the future research, the system which lengthens communication distance and increases the number of cattle under the test will be considered and also the measured data will be database for cattle research.