• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.133-141
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• 2007

There are produced more than 600,000 tons of seaweeds every year along the coast of the Korea. Jeonnam province, south-west coast area, of Korea is producing 93% of total amounts of seaweeds. The laver, sea mustard, and tangleweed maintain stability in the output and has been exported as a simple product processing through drying or salting. It was evaluated the low value-added products and limited the expansion for the consumption of seaweeds. The seaweeds contains 40-60% carbohydrate and structurally different compared with land plant. The dietary fiber from seaweeds has been known the function of facilitating the bowl movement, excretion the heavy metal in the body, lowering the blood cholesterol level, anti-coagulant of blood, and anticancer. Especially, brown algae including sea mustard, seaweed fusiforme, and tangleweed contains alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan which are lowering the blood cholesterol level, lowering blood pressure, and fusion of blood clot. Agar-agar, carrageenan, and porphyran compound in red algae are known to antimutagenicity and anticoagulant function. In spite of potential of seaweed as a main bio-resource, there are lack of research to facilitate the consumption with its functional properties and consumers are unsatisfied with simple processing products. Also, the seaweed by-product dump into the sea and cause pollution of the seawater. Therefore, there are needed the scheme to promote the consumption of seaweeds. The development of value-added products, finding functional properties from seaweeds, development the functional feed for animal using seaweed by-products, and utilization of unused algae for food or other industrial uses will increase fisherman's income as well as serve as an aid for the people health due to its functional properties. Using by-product of seaweed and unexploited seaweed are needed to development of bio-degradable food packaging material and functional feed for animal.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1974

A severe ginseng root rot disease was occurred and became widespraed in 1973 affecting the ginseng cultivating plot around Kangwha and Gimpo-Gun of Kyunggi province. Soil samples were collected from the area of Wolgot-Myun, Gimpo-Gun, Kuunggi-Do, 1974. We examined general fungi and Fusarium sp. in soil layers and also in different kinds of soil of respective diseased, uncultivated and healthy areas, and found the following results. 1. In the diseased and uncultivated area, the content of moisture, organic matter and silt was greater than in the healthy area. 2. Contray to the above, the healthy area contained a greater amount of inorganic elements such as $P_2O_5$, K,Ca and of soil particle such as Cs and Fs. The degree of pH and content of Mg were even in the three types of soils. 3. General fungi were found in abundance in the diseased and uncultivated soils. It was observed that in all types of areas, general fungi reside in abundance in the rhizosphere, i.e., 10-15cm layers and that the closer the surface, the greater the numbers of fungi. 4. A great number of Fusarium sp. was found in the uncultivated area, and followed diseased and healthy areas. It was observed that in all types of areas, Fusarium sp. distributed in abundance in rhizosphere and that the closer the surface, the greater the numbers of Fusarium sp., with the numbers decreasing as the soil layers increase.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to determine optimal length of off-time between irrigation cycles to improve irrigation efficiency using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor-automated irrigation (FAI) system for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation aimed at minimizing effluent from coir substrate hydroponics. For treatments, the 5-minute off-time length between 3-minute run-times (defined as 3R5F), 10-minute off-time length between 3-minute run-times (defined as 3R10F), or 15-minute off-time length between 5-minute run-times (defined as 5R15F) were set. During the 3-minute or 5-minute run-time, a 60mL or 80mL of nutrient solution was irrigated to each plant, respectively. Until 62 days after transplant (DAT) during the autumn to winter cultivation, daily irrigation volume was in the order of 3R5F (858mL) > 5R15F (409mL) > 3R10F (306mL) treatment, and daily drainage ratio was in the order of 3R5F (44%) > 5R15F (23%) > 3R10F (14%). Between 63 and 102 DAT, daily irrigated volume was in the order of 5R15F (888mL) > 3R5F (695mL) > 3R10F (524mL) with the highest drainage ratio, 19% (${\pm}2.6$), at the 5R15F treatment. During the spring to summer cultivation, daily irrigation volume and drainage ratio per plant was higher in the 3R5F treatment than that of the 3R10F treatment. For both cultivations, a higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed under the 3R10F treatment. Integrated all the data suggest that the optimal off-time length is 10 minutes.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.55-72
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• 1983

These studies were done to find out any difference, ultrastructural, physical or chemical, between the shells of diapausing and non-diapausing eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 1. From the electron-microscopic observation, the egg shells have four distinctive layers. In addition to the four layers, the shells in the diapausing eggs has another layer with low electron density on its surface. 2. The permeability of the egg shell to hydrochloride was much lower in diapausing egg than in non-diapausing egg. Also the permeability changed in the opposite directions with the egg age: the diapausing eggs decreased while non-diapausing ones increased. 3. The permeability increased when the diapausing egg shell was treated with HCl. When they were treated with ether, however, the increase in permeability was much smaller. It seems there was an ether soluble material involved in the content of the egg shell. 4. The diapausing eggs were also much more resistant to desiccation than the non-diapausing ones. The former, when treated with HCl or chilling, became less resistant to desiccation. 5. The positive histochemical response of the egg shell to PAS-Alcian blue and protein stainings suggests presence of abundant proteins and carbohydrates in the egg shell. On the other hand, the staining response to lipid was more positive in the inner layers than in the outer layer of the shell. 6. The egg shell adhesives seems to be mucopolysaccharides produced by colleterial glands, since the oviposited eggs showed a positive responses to carbohydrate and negative to lipid-staining chemicals, but not the mature oocytes in the ovarioles. 7. There were two bands on the electrophoretic pattern of the SH proteins extracted from the egg shells both in the diapausing egg and non-diapausing one: a slow moving major component and a fast moving minor one. However, the electrophoretic mobility showed a difference in the minor components between them. It is evident that the fast moving minor one of non-diapausing egg ran a little further than that of diapausing egg. 8. In amino acids analysis, no significant differences were found in their composition between diapausing and non-diapausing egg and SH proteins contain relatively more glycine and less cystine.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.129-132
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• 1981

Thle experiments were carried out to select the highest yield and good quality of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) strain for brooding material sources. The strains used covered 6 from 4 countries, No. 2063, 2078 and 2093 were collected from Korea, No. 2068 introduced from Japan, No. 2091 from Germany and No. 2095 from Taiwan. Some characteristics of the strains are as follows. 1) The optimum temperature for strains, 2091, 2093 and 2063 of P. ostreatus was $30^{\circ}C$, it ranged from 25 to $30^{\circ}C$ for the others. 2) The optimum moisture content were 70% for strain 2068, 80% for strains 2093, 2095 and 2091, 75% for other strains. 3) The optimum pH of the mycelial growth were at pH 6.0 for strains 2093 and 2068, pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 for other strains. 4) The days from spawning to budding was the shortest in strain 2095 and the yield was the highest in 2091, $64.4kg/3.3m^2$on the rice straw cultivation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.603-610
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effect of selenium provided by different sources on the physico-chemical properties of M. longissimus thoracis. Twenty Hanwoo steers(20～24 months, approximately 613kg) were assigned to 4 different feeding groups of each five, depending on the sources of selenium such as inorganic selenium(sodium selenite), organic selenium(Yeast, USA Sel-Plex), Se-SMC(Se-spent mushroom compost) and the control(no selenium). The selenium level in feed was 0.9 ppm for all groups except the control. Animals were fed with different feeding treatments for 12 weeks and slaughtered at National Livestock Research Institute. The inorganic selenium group had the highest cooking loss(CL. %) and followed by the Se-SMC group and organic selenium group. No significant differences in chemical composition, WB-shear forces, water-holding capacity(WHC) and sensory properties were found among the groups(P>0.05). There were 40% frequencies of grade A in the inorganic selenium group and followed by the organic selenium group(20%). Se-SMC group had 80% of frequencies for grade 1+ and followed by the inorganic selenium group(40%), whereas the organic selenium group and the control group had the 20% frequencies for grade 1+. From the results of this study showed that the selenium sources did not affect chemical composition, WHC and tenderness of Hanwoo steers. However, the inorganic selenium group had the highest cooking loss(%) and lowest pH when compared to the other groups.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 1984

In order to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-10.0% of red ginseng extract which chemical composition was 68.14% moisture, 10.11% crude protein, 2.66% crude fat, 5.23% crude ash, 56.90% total sugar, 18.80% reducing sugar and 9.09% crude saponin, respectively, were added to skim milk media. The effect of red ginseng extract on the fermentation and the growth rate of bacteria were tested. The results were as follow. 1. The acidity produced by Str. lactis and L. acidophilus for 24 hrs. were more increased by adding of red ginseng extract than control medium. But the acidity produced by L. helveticus was not significantly increased by adding of red ginseng extract. The fermentation time by Str. lactis and L. acidophilus were shortened by increasing the amount of red ginseng extract. 2. By increasing the amount of red ginseng extract, the acidity produced by lactic acid bacteria especially by Str. lactis and L. acidophilus were increased. 3. The number of bacteria were increased until 1.0% adding of red ginseng extract, but adding more than the above level, the effect was not clearly appeared.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 1988

The protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-71, a thermophilic strain and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii SR-S, an osmotolerant strain were fused, and a fusant (FS-RN 1) was selected, then was characterized for its genetic stability, DNA content, cell capacity, growth rate, tolerance to salts and chemicals, $\beta$-fructofuranosidase level and ethanol fermenting activity. After 6 months of preservation, 5.8% of the fusant clones were segregated to parental types. The DNA content and cell capacity of the fusant were greater than those of the parental strains. Lag period of growth for the fusant was longer than those for the parents. The fusant colonies showed pink-color reaction to triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) test. The fusant appeared to have resistances to NaCl at moderate levels between both parental strains, and resistances to KCI, sodium propionate and cycloheximide similar to either one of the parents. $\beta$-Fructofuranosidase activity of the fusant was 24.2$\times$10$^{-3}$/IU/g(dry wt) for 3 days culture. Ethanol yields ofter 4 days of fermentation by the fusant at 3$0^{\circ}C$ were : 6.0%(v/v) from 40% of glucose and 8.8%(v/v) from 20% of sucrose.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 1999

Nutrients removal by water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms from nutrient enriched waters and swinery wastewater were evaluated. The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus of dried water hyacinth increased from 1.4 to 3.3% and 0.21 to 0.80% when water hyacinth available N and P in the culture medium were increased from 0.7 to 5.0 mgN/1 and 0.06 o 1.5 mgP/l. respectively. Maximum N and P contents were found to be 4.1 and 0.90%, respectively. The significant relationship was observed between the standing crop of water hyacinth and the biomass yield per unit area and time. Biomass yield increased gradually until standing crop reached 15 kg wet wt./m$^2$, and then rapidly decreased. The high biomass yield of up to 0.5 kg/m$^2$/day was obtained in the range of 7 to 20 kg/m$^2$of standing crop. The potential removal rates of N and P by the water hyacinth during summer were found to be 2,250 to 2,710 mgN/m$^2$/day and 570 to 595 mgP/m$^2$/day, respectively, when 15 kg/m$^2$in standing crop and nutrient concentrations of culture medium were ranged from 1.24 to 6.2 mgP/1 and 3.2 to 32.5 mgN/1, respectively, Inorganic N and P concentrations of swinery wastewater were in the range of 82 to 121 mgN/1 and 22 to 79 mgP/1, respectively. Nitrogen and P removal rates of water hyacinth cultured in swinery wastewater were found to be in the ranges of 2,000 to 2,600 mgN/m$^2$/day and 157 to 254 mgP/m$^2$/day, respectively, at 10 times diluted water of swinery wastewater.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.124-131
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• 1989

Some factors effecting on mycelial growth and cultural substrates using pine sawdust were investigated to develop an artificial cultivation technique. The optimal temperature and media pH for the mycelial growth were at $25^{\circ}C$ and 4.0, respectively. The mycelial growth was not different among three isolates tested. Among them ASI 19003 isolate showed the highest mycelial density and fruitbody yield. Among supplements added into pine sawdust, wheat bran was the best and its appropriate percentage was 20 for the mycelial growth. The mycelial densities were uprisen according to the amounts of the supplement. The highest yield, 107g/bottle of the sporophores of the mushroom was obtained from the substrates supplemented by 30% of wheat bran, but no fruitbody was formed on non supplemented one. Optimal moisture contents of the substrates was different for the mycelial growth, pinheading and fruitbody yields. Sixty five, 60 and 75% of moisture contents of the substrates were optimal for the mycelial growth, pinheading and fruitbody yields, respectively.