• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.219-227
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• 2001

중국 낙양의 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏) 정골법은 중국의학의 골상과(骨傷科) 중에서 중요한 학술유파로 널리 알려져 있다. 그 치료법에 있어서 독특하고 체계적인 시술법을 갖추고 있는데, 교정 수기법, 고정방법, 기능훈련, 약물치료 등의 내용을 포함하고 있다. 창상(創傷)에 대한 약물요법에서 "파(破) 화(和) 보(補)" 3단계로 분류된 약물사용 원칙을 제시하였는데, 즉 골정손상의 초기에는 기혈어체(氣血瘀滯)의 병리기전에 입각하여 약물은 활혈화어제(活血化瘀劑)를 주로 사용하고, 중반에는 기혈부화(氣血不和) 경락부통(經絡不通)의 기전으로 파악하고 주로 활혈통락(活血通絡)시키는 약물을 사용하며, 말기에는 구병(久病)으로 기형(氣血)이 휴손(虧損)되므로 보기혈(補氣血) 및 장근골(壯筋骨)의 약물을 주로 사용한다. 이와 같은 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏)의 正骨(정골)에 관한 약물사용 원칙을 토대로 선조의 처방과 경험방 및 후세의 통용방(協定方)을 근간으로 심은 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏)의 正骨(정골)에 대한 전통약물시리즈가 형성되었다. 이러한 처방들은 장기간의 임상활용에서 그 효과가 뛰어나고 안전성이 확보된 것으로 입증되었다. 근골통소환(筋骨痛消丸)은 활혈행기(活血行氣), 온경통락(溫經通絡), 소종지통(消腫止痛)의 효능이 있어 근골의 퇴행성 질환이나 만성 노손(勞損)으로 일어나는 종창(腫脹), 통증, 관절활동의 제한, 목 어깨 허리 다리 등의 통증, 발꿈치 통증, 골절 후 지체(肢體)의 종통(腫痛), 어혈 등에 활용한다. 활혈접골지통고(活血接骨止痛膏)는 접골속근(接骨續筋), 통락지통(通絡止痛)의 효능이 있어 골상(骨傷)을 입은 후 지체(肢體)의 종창(腫脹)이나 통증 또는 골절 등에 사용한다. 이 약은 크림제와 고약제 두가지가 있다. 평악내복접골교양(平樂內服接骨膠襄)은 활혈소종(活血消腫), 접골속근(接骨續筋)의 효능이 있어 각종 근육의 손상이나 골정상에 활용된다. 평낙전근단(平樂展筋丹)은 활혈화어(活血化瘀), 서근지통(舒筋止痛), 통리관절(通利關節), 등의 효능이 있어 타박상으로 인한 지체(肢體)의 종통(腫痛), 관절강직, 활동제한 및 골관절 질환과 풍습비통(風濕痺痛) 등을 치료한다. 전통적으로 외용(外用)에 사용되는 산제(散劑)는 마사지에 주로 활용된다. 임상에서 다양한 제형(劑型)으로 개발되어 분무형태로 쓰이는 근상정(筋傷酊)과 마사지 크림으로 사용되는 평악낙전근접마유제(平樂展筋接摩乳劑)가 있다. 소종활혈(消腫活血) 대포제(袋泡劑)는 산제(散劑)를 티팩 형식으로 사용하는 외용제형(外用劑型)이며, 서근활혈(舒筋活血), 소종지통(消腫止痛)의 효능이 있어 타박상 말기에 근육이 굳어지고, 어반이 형성되면서 통증이 나타나며, 종창(腫脹) 등이 생길 때 사용한다. 사용방법은 따뜻한 물에 담가 우려낸 다음 상처부위를 씨어주면 된다. 특별히 제작된 접골환(接骨丸)은 배보간신(培補肝腎), 익기건비(益氣健脾), 활혈통락(活血通絡), 강근건골(强筋健骨) 등의 작용이 있어 파박상이나 골절이 잘 치유되지 않고 오래 지속되는 경우에 사용된다. 이와 같은 다양한 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏)의 전통적인 정골(正骨)에 관한 약물들은 약리학적 실험을 거쳐 그 독성반응이나 부작용 및 임상효과를 관찰한 결과 통제학적으로 p<0.05-0.01로 나타나 98%의 치료효과를 보였으며, 독성 및 부작용이 없어 안정성이 인정되었으므로 긍정적인 치료효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.636-642
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• 2007

Purpose : Fluconazole prophylaxis for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants has been shown to reduce invasive fungal infection and its mortality. This study aims to evaluate the effect of fluconazole prophylaxis in VLBW infants on the incidence and mortality of fungal infection. Methods : VLBW infants with endotracheal intubation and central vascular access admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Chonnam University Hospital were enrolled. Twenty eight infants of 7-month baseline period from January to July 2005 ('non-fluconazole group') were compared with 29 infants of a 7-month fluconazole period from January to July 2006 ('fluconazole group'). Results : Gestational age, birth weight, sex, mode of delivery, frequency of twin pregnancy, chorioamnionitis, antenatal steroid and rupture of membranes were similar between the fluconazole and non-fluconazole groups. The rate of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, frequency and duration of prophylactic antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition and umbilical catheters, duration of intralipid, mechanical ventilation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were also not significant. However, frequency of percutaneous central venous catheterization (PCVC) and intralipid administration, and duration of PCVC were significant between the two groups. The overall incidence and mortality of fungal infection were not different between the two groups. Although the Malassezia infection was increased in the fluconazole group (P<0.05), candida was significantly decreased compared to the non-fluconazole group (P<0.05). Conclusion : Fluconazole prophylaxis in high risk VLBW infants decreased the candida infection significantly. Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended in terms of cost effectiveness, but further study is needed to clarify the reason for the increase of Malassezia infection.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was performed to estimate the incidence of nosocomial sepsis and to identify the most relevant risk factors for nosocomial sepsis in high-risk very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods : A retrospective review of 341 VLBW infants, admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Eulji University Hospital (Daejeon & Seoul) between January 2002 and June 2009, who survived more than 72 hours was performed. The incidence, causative organisms, risk factors and prognosis of nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants were analyzed. Results : The incidence of nosocomial sepsis was 16.1% and the onset date of nosocomial sepsis was 21.5$\pm$15.9 days (mean$\pm$SD) after delivery. Staphylococcus aureus (21.3%) was the most common organism in the patients with nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, gestational age [odds ratio (OR), 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.91], umbilical artery catheter use for more than 5 days (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.15-4.46), umbilical venous catheter use for more than 5 days (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.11-4.16), peripheral arterial line use (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.14-4.04) and intravenous intralipids (OR, 4.3;95% CI, 1.13-14.32) were identified as risk factors. Conclusion : The limited usage of intravascular catheter related procedures and the short providence of intravenous nutrition may decrease the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.4 no.3 s.11
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• pp.9-18
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• 2000

Accident analysis are useful in the design stage of chemical plants and their surrounding structures. Also, analysis results are required for safety management of existing plants. In this paper, the fire and explosion effect by BTX released was evaluated. The computer program was prepared for accident analysis and adopted for evaluating the magnitude of fire (pool fire) and explosion (UVCE) effect. The thermal radiation was used as a measure of fire magnitude and the overpressure as a measure of explosion magnitude. And probit analysis was made for each case. As a case study, benzene tank model was used. The simulation results of explosion of benzene showed that the damage within 20 meters from the accident spot was severe and the damage beyond 60 meters was negligible. The simulation results of fire of benzene showed that the damage in summer is bigger than that in winter. And the damage of city located inland seems to be bigger than that of city in seaside. And thermal radiation effects was negligible beyond 40 meters-distance from the accident spot.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-111
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• 1983

The research results reported herein had the objectives to understand and analyze the present problems of saemaeul woodland joint cattle grazing system in Kang Won Do and to take steps of improvement. The study results on actual management conditions, problems analyzed and improvement plan of total 208 joint cattle grazing area which was established 105 area in 1981 and 103 area in 1982 were summarized as follows: 1. the effectiveness of joint cattle grazing projects 1) Average daily weight gain of cattle during joint cattle grazing period was 0.4kg, showing higher daily than the conventional feeding of 0.33kg. 2) Increase of total farm income over the conventional feeding system were \1,031,357,320 during the grazing period from May to October in 1982 by adapting the 208 joint cattle grazing system, of which effectiveness of weight gain was \293,075,300 and labor saving was \543,838,750. 3) According to the results of questionaire investigation from 208 joint cattle grazing area, effectiveness of joint cattle grazing system over the conventional system were (1) labor saving, (2) feed cost saving, (3) reduced diseases, (4) increase of number of feeding, (5) inspiration of joint endeavor, (6) effect of more gain, (7) easiness of feeding and feed cost savings. 2. Problems of joint cattle grazing system. 1) Shortages of grass were a problem at second year of joint cattle grazing period due to the low regrowth rate of wild grass. 2) Proper land for woodland joint cattle grazing is belonging to land of Government ownership and it is very hard to get the permission from office of forestry for cattle grazing purpose. 3) It is also difficult to find a proper time of breeding in grazing area by the difficulty of estrus detection. 4) There are a difficulty to give a proper vaccination and medical examination for the grazing cattle. 3. Improvement plans for woodland joint cattle grazing projects. 1) Obtain sufficient roughages by hoof cultivation and oversowing pasture from the second year of joint cattle grazing period. 2) In order to increase the beef production and to use for a calf production area, Government should arrange that all proper grazing land of Government owned in Kang Won Do convert into woodland joint cattle grazing area. 3) Make a good reproductive record by mixed grazing with a excellent breeding cow in a remote area. And carry out the collective artificial insemination with synchronous puberty induced by injection of puberty stimulation hormone. 4) Make a preventive injection for blackleg, twice medication of fasciola hepatica in a year, and spray and medication of tick insecticide. 4. A policy towards upbringing of woodland joint cattle grazing area. 1) Government should thoroughly investigate about a proper land for woodland joint cattle grazing from all forests. 2) When the area is suitable for the woodland joint cattle grazing, though it is national forest or restricted area, government should make it possible to establish a grazing area. 3) On the proper land foe joint cattle grazing in the remote place, Government should support for the road construction and electric fence equipments by using of national funds. 4) There should be an administrative consideration for well promotion of the project that make woodland joint cattle grazing suitable to the characteristics of Kang Won Do. 5) In order to improve the reproduction record, Government should reform the insufficiency of artificial insemination in the joint cattle grazing area. 6) In order to maintain a proper price of cow, Government should carry out the price plan. 7) When there is any request for grassland formation in the woodland joint cattle grazing area, Government should permit it with preference.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.836-846
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• 2002

Purpose : With the development of neonatal intensive care and the increased use of systemic antibiotics, candida sepsis has become one of the most important causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and its associated risk factors. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 28 cases with candida sepsis who were admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) of Chonnam University Hospital from July 1995 to June 2001. Twenty-nine patients without candida sepsis were enrolled for the control group to verify the risk factors. Results : The overall incidence of candida sepsis was 0.61% for all NICU admissions and 3.68% for all very low birth weight infants with the gradual increase of the annual prevalance rate over time. The endotracheal intubation, percutaneous central vein catheter(PCVC), umbilical vein catheter, total parenteral nutrition, intralipid and dopamine were more applied than the control group (P<0.01 for all). The durations of mechanical ventilator care, central catheter appliance, nothing per os, and admission were also significantly longer than the control group(P<0.01 for all). Ampicillin/ sulbactam, ceftazidime, amikacin, netilmicin, teicoplanin and imipenem/cilastatin were significantly more used than the control group(P<0.05). The durations of ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftazidime, netilmicin and imipenem/cilastatin administration were also proved to be significant as the risk factors(P<0.01). Conclusion : The average annual prevalence rate of candida sepsis in NICU for six years was 0.61% with gradual increasing tendency over time. The elimination of the above risk factors is important in decreasing neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with candida sepsis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2013

This study investigated the ability of extracts from Lentinus edodes (LE) and rice with Lentinus edodes mycelium (LEM) to inhibit diabetes and obesity. Lipid accumulation significantly decreased by 78% and 74% upon treatment with 300 ${\mu}g/mL$ of LE and LEM, respectively (p<0.01). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition activity increased by 94% and 99% upon treatment with 300 ${\mu}g/mL$ of LE and LEM, respectively. In order to investigate the effect of LE and LEM on diabetes, the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B) activity from the LE and LEM extracts at various concentrations (1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 ${\mu}g/mL$) was assessed. PTP1B activity by treatment with 10, 30, and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ of LE, was inhibited at a rate of 7, 9, and 7% respectively. Also, PTP1B activity from treatment with increasing concentration of LEM led to a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of PTP1B activity (p<0.01). LE and LEM were orally administered for 28 days after a high fat diet (HFD). LE and LEM significantly reduced triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. GOT and GPT were not significantly effected. These results indicate that extracts of LE and rice with LEM have potent activities useful in the treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1029-1035
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the ability of extracts from Phellinus linteus (PL) and rice with Phellinus linteus mycelium (PLM) to inhibit obesity and diabetes. The efficacy of PL and PLM were evaluated using Oil Red O staining, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) levels, protein tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B) levels, organ weight, and serum lipid levels. Lipid accumulation significantly decreased by 76% and 59% upon treatment with $300{\mu}g/mL$ of PL and PLM, respectively (P<0.01). The inhibition of CETP activity increased 99% upon treatment with $300{\mu}g/mL$ of PL or PLM. Treatment with 3, 10, 30, 100, and $300{\mu}g/mL$ of PL, changed PTP1B activity by 10, 11, 14, 12, and 18% respectively. Also, treatment with increasing concentrations of PLM led to a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of PTP1B activity (P<0.01). PL and PLM were orally administered for 28 days after a high fat diet (HFD). PL significantly (P<0.05) reduced triglyceride and cholesterol levels. In addition, PLM significantly (P<0.05) reduced triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol levels. GOT and GPT were not significantly affected. These results indicate that PL and PLM extracts have potent and useful activities for the treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.726-731
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• 2006

Purpose : We reported previously that intramuscular ketamine with adjunctive midazolam is more effective than ketamine alone in pediatric procedural sedation, but with limited satisfactory sedation by suboptimal ketamine dose. The optimal dose of intramuscular ketamine in children has never been studied in Korea. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness and adverse events of ketamine 4mg/kg with adjunctive midazolam in pediatric laceration repair. Methods : From Jan. 2005 to July 2005, we enrolled 60 children, aged 3 months-7 years, who needed laceration repair under sedation. After verbal consent from parents, patients were randomly assigned to KMA group(IM ketamine 4 mg/kg＋atropine 0.01 mg/kg＋intramuscular midazolam 0.05 mg/kg) or KA group(without midazolam). We compared both groups with the induction time, recovery time, total sedation time, efficacy of sedation, adverse effects, and the satisfaction score of treating physicians. Results : Potentially confounding variables, age, weight, injury site and anxiety score, were similar between groups. The induction time, recovery time and total sedation time were not different statistically. In KMA group, 90.9 percent of patients showed satisfactory sedation compared to 66.7 percent of KA group(P=0.02) and the occurrence rate of significant adverse effect was 0.0 percent and 37.0 percent respectively. Conclusion : We found adjunctive midazolam with ketamine doses of 4 mg/kg IM produced more effective, satisfactory sedation and less adverse effect than without midazolam in pediatric laceration repair. The emergence phenomenon(agitation during recovery) only occurred in 9 KA group patients. In spite of adverse effect, all patients recovered, were discharged and there were no reported delayed events.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 2009

Purpose: Candida infection has increased in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). However, recent reports on systemic candida infections in preterm newborns are rare in Korea. The aim of this study was to examine the epidemiological features of systemic candida infection in very low birth weight infants (VLBW) over the past five years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 19 patients with systemic candida infections in VLBW that were admitted to the neonatal intensive care units of three hospitals affiliated with the College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea from January 2004 to December 2008. We analyzed the birth weight, gestational age, age at diagnosis, risk factors, co-morbidity, antifungal treatment, and mortality rates among the 19 patients. Results: Systemic candida infections occurred in 19 cases (4.7%) among the VLBW infants. The mean birth weight and gestational age were 959.0$\pm$255.9 g and 26.7$\pm$2.1 weeks. The isolated Candida species were C. albicans (4), C. parapsilosis (9), C. glabrata (2), C. famata (2), and unkown subspecies (2). Most patients had various associated risk factors, including a central venous catheter, broad spectrum antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, intravenous lipid emulsion, endotracheal intubation and $H_2$ blocker therapy. There was no significant difference in the risk factors between newborns that survived and those that died with regard to the systemic candida infection, except for gestational age. Nine (47.4%) out of 19 patients with a candida infection died and four cases (21.2%) were directly related to the candida infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of systemic candida infection is increasing in VLBW infants. The majority of Candida species has shifted to C. non-albicans, especially C. parapsilosis. Because of the high mortality associated with candida infection in the NICU, prophylaxis and early treatment based on epidemiological features is necessary.