• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

Methodology to evaluate the effective doses to adults undergoing various diagnostic x-ray examinations were established by Monte Carlo simulation of the x-ray examinations. Anthropomorphic mathematical phantoms, the MIRD5 male phantom and the ORNL female phantom, were used as the target body and x-ray spectra were produced by the x-ray spectrum generation code SPEC78. The computational procedure was validated by comparing the resulting doses to the results of NRPB studies for the same diagnostic procedures. The effective doses as well as the organ doses due to chest, abdomen, head and spine examinations were calculated for x-rays incident from AP, PA, LLAT and RLAT directions. For instance, the effective doses from the most common procedures, chest PA and abdomen AP, were 0.029 mSv and 0.44 mSv, respectively. The fact that the effective dose from PA chest x-ray is far lower than the traditional value of 0.3 mSv(or 30 mrem), which results partly from the advances of technology in diagnostic radiology and partly from the differences in the dose concept employed, emphasizes necessities of intensive assessment of the patient doses in wide ranges of medical exposures. The methodology and tools established in this study can easily be applied to dose assessments for other radiology procedures; dose from CT examinations, dose to the fetus due to examinations of pregnant women, dose from pediatric radiology.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.148-153
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• 2011

EMRAS-2 (Environmental Modelling for RAdiation Safety, Phase 2) is an international comparison program, which is organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in order to harmonize the modelling of radionuclide behavior in the environment. To do so, the urban contamination working group within EMRAS-2 has designed the hypothetical scenarios for a specified urban area. In this study, the importance of contaminated surfaces composing an urban environment was analyzed in terms of dose rate using METRO-K, which has been developed to take a Korean urban environment into account. The contribution of contaminated surfaces to exposure dose rate showed distinctly a great difference as a function of specified locations and time following a hypothetical event. Moreover, it showed a distinct difference according to the existence of precipitation, and its intensity. Therefore, if an urban area is contaminated radioactively by any unexpected incidents such as an accident of nuclear power plants or an explosion of radioactive dispersion devices (RDDs), appropriate measures should be taken with consideration of the type of surface composing the contaminated environment in order to minimize not only radiation-induced health detriment but also economic and social impacts.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 1999

A methodology for determining the optimal durations of the use of contaminated crops as feedstuffs of cattle was designed based on the cost-benefit analysis method. The results of application for pigs, an omnivorous cattle, were discussed for the hypothetical deposition of radionuclides on August 15 when a number of crops are fully developed in Korean agricultural conditions. For investigating the relative cost-effectiveness of the use of contaminated crops as feedstuffs, the net benefit was compared with the case of the direct disposal of contaminated crops. The time-dependent radionuclide concentration in crops after the deposition was predicted using a dynamic food chain model DYNACON. The net benefit from the actions was quantitatively evaluated in terms of cost equivalent of doses and monetary costs of implementing the action. It depended on a number of factors such as radionuclides, variety of crops supplied as feedstuffs and duration of the actions. The use of contaminated crops as feedstuffs was more cost effective for $^{90}Sr\;or\;^{131}I$ deposition than for $^{137}Cs$ deposition.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.15
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• pp.303-316
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• 2008

One of important protecting skill is securing the minimum safe distance from potential hazard to protect protectee in the emergency situation, that is basic thing for the detailed security in relation to the walking formation and the distance between protectee and crowed. This thesis is to provide the idea on the scientific countermeasure in the gun attack situation, by presenting logic on the reaction time and it's moving distance, on the safe distance between protectee and crowed. Handball goal keeper's reaction time of 0.33seconds is applied, because handball goal keeper's reaction style is very similar to security agent's reaction style. And 4m/sec of record is applied, that is average speed of 'go and return type run of 40m' to calculate it's moving distance. Several researches show that reaction time could be improved by continuing training, similarly security agents could improve their reaction time, providing better reaction skill. The important thing is that it make big difference in the protecting result, although the shortening of reaction time is too slight. Securing safe distance between protectee and crowed and the distance between protectee and security agent could provide effective reaction environment with 'natural protective wall effect' by security agent

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.35
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• pp.221-251
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• 2017

This study attempts to examine the problem of properties mentioned in Shin Jae hyo's adapted version of Baktaryeong through the property related behavior of the characters, and discuss Shin Jae hyo's view of properties and his contemporary perception problems. As a result, in Baktaryeong, Nolbu takes the shape of a rich farmer in the existing text with grain centered accumulated properties, and of a wealthy man who is skilled in money management and growth as an economically well-informed person. In contrast, Heungbu is a poor peasant isolated from his own farm without enough property to minimally survive, representing the alienated poor who can not adapt to the currency economy led by the Nolbu people. This adaptation could have been a product of Shin Jae hyo's own view of property. Through the detailed description of Baktaryeong, it can be seen that he found it difficult to observe too much, but he thought that interest in property and money seemed basically to be affirmed in human life. In addition, in terms of issues of the poor, he found that the economic efforts of the lower classes and the care of the rich should be needed for the poor. However, he was forced to put the sense of crisis and the self defense consciousness as a wealthy family of middle class in the local society under the rapidly changing circumstances of the time into the text. That is, Baktaryeong included his own diagnosis of the present reality by drawing the issue of wealth and poverty in existing Heungboga(jeon), which is perhaps more appropriate for reality based on Shin Jae hyo's own view of properties.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.46
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• pp.113-140
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• 2016

Right to counsel means a defendant has a right to have the assistance of counsel (i.e., lawyers), and if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, requires that the government appoint one or pay the defendant's legal expenses. The right to counsel is generally regarded as a constituent of the right to a fair trial. Historically, however, not all countries have always recognized the right to counsel. The right is often included in criminal law and constitutional law etc. First, any person who is arrested or detained shall have the right to prompt assistance of counsel. When a criminal defendant is unable to secure counsel by his own efforts, the State shall assign counsel for the defendant as prescribed by act in article 12(4) of the constitutional law. Second, the defense counsel or a person who desires to be a defense counsel may have an interview with the defendant or the suspect who is placed under physical restraint, deliver or receive any documents or things and have any doctor examine and treat the defendant or the suspect in article 34 of the criminal law. Nonetheless, problems about guarantee of the rights to counsel to the national security violators like spy terrorist and etc will be important for Koreans to consider. That is because national security violators's cases are qualitatively different from general criminal offense's cases and historically, lawyer obstruct a investigation in the process of examination of a suspect for national security violators. Therefore, this study suggest a way that a restriction the rights to counsel with an attorney in cases of the national security violators. To this end, in this paper, I touch on restriction of right to counsel during interrogation in the England and Germany etc in comparison to that of Korea and review Korea's Supreme Court decision and Constitution Court decision to understand the prospective and trends for Korean investigation procedure improvement.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to observe the reproductive behavior of the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena, and determine the factors of reproductive behavior to provide useful information for improving their artificial reproduction techniques. The reproductive behavior of the marine medaka was observed in laboratory aquaria. Once the experiment began, all of the males chased the females. The males attempted to stimulate the urogenital openings of the females. While chasing a female, a large male would bite a relatively small male's anus. Larger males expelled smaller males with biting, and the defeated males were barred from the female. After the other males were expelled, the remaining male approached and drew alongside the female. The male's dorsal and anal fins covered the female's body. Spawning began after complete covering took place. Spawning of males and females occurred simultaneously. The loadings for 2 factors were calculated. The calculation was restricted to 2 factors because these 2 factors explained about 81% of the total common variance (P<0.05) and the following factors possessed no practical significance. Two movements (biting, expelling) had high positive values for factor one. This factor related a male's defensive behavior to courtship behavior and spawning, and explained 23.1% of the total common variance (P<0.05). The second factor had high positive values for chasing, rejection, covering, and parallel swimming. This factor related a male's courtship behavior and female's defensive behavior to spawning, and explained 59.7% of the total common variance (P<0.05). This research provided basic biological data for the conservation of this species and useful information for improving their artificial reproduction techniques.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.107-117
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• 2023

It must be possible to assess how combat actions taking place in cyberspace affect the military's major mission systems and weapon systems. In order to analyze the mission impact caused by a cyber attack through cyber M&S, the target mission system and cyber warfare elements must be built as a model and a scenario for simulation must be authored. Many studies related to mission impact analysis due to cyber warfare have been conducted focusing on the United States, and existing studies have authored separate scenarios for physical battlefields and cyber battlefields. It is necessary to build a simulation environment that combines a physical battlefield model and a cyber battlefield model, and be able to integrate and author mission scenarios and cyber attack/defense scenarios. In addition, the physical battlefield and cyber battlefield are different work areas, so authoring two types of scenarios for simulation is very complicated and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a method of using mission system information to prepare the data needed for scenario authoring in advance and using the pre-worked data to author an integrated scenario. The proposed method is being developed by reflecting it in the design of the scenario authoring tool, and an integrated scenario authoring in the field of counter-fire warfare is being performed to prove the proposed method. In the future, by using a scenario authoring tool that reflects the proposed method, it will be possible to easily author an integrated scenario for mission impact analysis in a short period of time.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.273-284
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• 1996

Embryos and fetuses are more sensitive to various environmental agents than are adults or children. The biological effects such as intrauterine death and malformation are closely connected with prenatal exposure very various agents. The sensitivity of these embryonic/fetal effects depends on the stage of pregnancy. From the viewpoint of fetal development, embryonic and fetal stages can be divided into three stages : Preimplantation, organogenetic and fetal. Each stage corresponds to 0 to 4.5days, 4.5 to 13.5days, and 13.5days of gestation in mice, respectively. Many studies on the biologcal effects of mice irradiated by ${\gamma}-rays$ at various stages during organogenesis and fetal period have been performed. Based on these results, the dose-effect and dose-response relationships in malformations, intrauterine death, or retardation of the physical growth have been practically modeled by the ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection) and other international bodies for radiation protection. Many experimental studies on mice have made it clear that mice embryos in the preimplantation period have a higher sensitivity to radiation for lethal effects than the embryos/fetuses on other prenatal periods. However, no eratogenic effects of radiation at preimplantation stages of mice have been described in many textbooks. It has been believed that 'all or none action results' for radiation of mice during the preimplantation period were applied. The teratogenic and lethal effects during the preimplantation stage are one of the most important problems from the viewpoint of radiological protection, since the preimplantation stage is the period when the pregnancy itself is not noticed by a pregnant woman. There are many physical or chemical agents which affect embryos/fetuses in the environment. It is assumed that each agents indirectly effects a human. Then, a safety criterion on each agent is determined independently. The pregnant ICR mice on 2, 48, 72 or 96 hours post-conception (hpc), at which are preimplantation stage of embryos, were irradiated whole body Cesium-gamma radiation at doses of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 Gy with dose rate of 0.2 Gy/min. In the embryos from the fetuses from the mice irradiated at various period in preimplantation, embryonic/fetal mortalities, incidence of external gross malformation, fetal body weight and sex ratio were observed at day 18 of gestation. The sensitivity of embryonic mortalities in the mice irradiated at the stage of preimplantation were higher than those in the mice irradiated at the stage of organogenesis. And the more sensitive periods of preimplantation stage for embryonic death were 2 and 48 hpc, at which embryos were one cell and 4 to 7 cell stage, respectively. Many types of the external gross malformations such as exencephaly, cleft palate and anophthalmia were observed in the fetuses from the mice irradiated at 2, 72 and 96 hpc. However, no malformations were observed in the mice irradiated at 48 hpc, at which stage the embryos were about 6 cell stage precompacted embryos. So far, it is believed that the embryos on preimplantation stage are not susceptible to teratogens such as radiation and chemical agents. In this study, the sensitivity for external malformations in the fetuses from the mice irradiated at preimplantation were higher than those in the fetuses on stage of organogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.327-354
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• 2011

This study has a key assumption that 'characteristics of discouse can be found in not its inside, but its outside'. The prism through which we can see those characteristics was provided by Foucault and Bakhtin who were introduced in the study. As an effort co probe the outside of discourse, the study is briefed 'the three attributes of discourse' that were suggested by Foucault First, discourse has the principle of selection and exclusion, which is based on power relations. Second, discourse is not transparent at all since it is always offensive towards other discourses and defensive against selected ones Third, discourse which is naturally accepted because of its dailiness had a deep structure secretly hidden in it. Based on the above attributes, Foucault and Bakhtin paid their attention to the outside of discourse. Specifically, they considered discourse fundamentally and went beyond it, and reflected the procedures of discourse. This study focused on 'Socrates', something common in the two scholars' works with discourse. In dealing with discourse, Bakhtin started with 'Socratic dialogue' that is based on the dialogic nature of human thoughts which purse the truth. For Foucault, it was Socrates who had the 'courage to cell the truth' and practiced 'self-consideration'. According to Foucault, the ethics of self-practice originated from the philosopher. The ethics is neither the precise representation of individual life that is withdrawn towards the inner self, nor the skills of happiness. It is just relational and cross-sectional. For a better understanding, this study pointed out that Kafka created a variety of 'dialogic voices' focusing on the outside of discourse. Dialogues found in his writings are 'interminable dialogues' that truly 'communicate with different times and different spaces'. For example, his novel, 'Der Prozess' opens the possibility of discussing in various ways the court which is look beyond conventions and extraordinary. Kafka's novels have a structure that their starting point found at the introduction reappears at the termination, presenting multi-vocal dialogues.