• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2013

The study was conducted to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of fine-textured fescues (FF) under natural room temperature and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions for a practical application. Six cultivars from Chewings fescue (CF), creeping red fescue (CRF), hard fescue (HF) and sheep fescue (SF) were evaluated in the study. Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed. Significant differences were greatly observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 60% germination, and germination percentage with environments, species and cultivars. Final germination rate was 29.7 to 80.0% under natural conditions. The first germination was initiated between 8 and 10 DAS (days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 3 to 4 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. Days to the 60% germination were 12.1 to 19.0 DAS, being 3.0 to 4.2 days slower than that under ISTA conditions. CF 'Jamestown II' was the fastest cultivar, while the slowest CRF 'Audubon'. Turf establishment speed was faster with CRF < SF < HF and < CF in order. Information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern between alternative and natural conditions would be practically useful for a golf course construction etc., when established with FF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1700-1704
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• 2010

This study was investigated the changes of chemical components in winter cereal crops before and after germination for development of functional foods. The contents of general composition (crude protein, lipid, and ash), phytic acid, free sugar, mineral, and fatty acid were analyzed. Crude ash content was slightly decreased after germination but protein contents was slightly increased in oats after germination. Phytic acid content showed the highest increase from 1.09 to 1.56 mg/g in oats after germination. Glucose contents of rye and wheat increased 6 and 3.5 folds after germination, respectively. Also, maltose contents of oat and wheat increased 7.4 and 5.5 folds, respectively. Major fatty acids were palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. After germination, palmitic acid and linoleic acid decreased while oleic acid increased in oats and barley. Further studies are needed to investigate the functional components and biological properties of winter cereal crops after germination.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.615-620
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• 2000

To obtain quality germinated brown rices containing high levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), chitosan was applied during the brown rice germination. The GABA contents in germinated brown rices (1,035 nmole/g fresh weight) and brown rices germinated by water (771 nmole/g fresh weight) or by lactiv acid (728 nmole/g fresh weight). In addition to the enhancement of GABA, germination in the chitosan solution increased alanine concentration and decreased glutamic acid, aspartic acid and serine concentrations in the brown rices. The activity of glutamate decarboxylase was also enhanced by the chitosan treatment. Furthermore, germination by chitosan reduced fungal contamination markdely, compared with germination by water or germination by lactic acid. These results suggest that quality germinated brown rices containing high levels of GABA can be obtained by chitosan application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 1989

The experiment was carried out to examine on effect of ultrasonication on the growith of a mungbean while a mungbean is germinated and to measure amino acid content of a mungbean during its germination. Mungbean seeds soaked are divided into three groups; the first group was control group, untreated and naturally germinated. the second was ultrasonic treated group(UTG I), irradiated by ultrasonication for 8, 16 and 24min respectively immediately after soaking. the third was ultrasonic treated group(UTG II), irradiated by ultrasonication after 48hr germinating. The results were as foolows; Fresh weight, moisture, length of mungbean increased as its germination proceeds. while dry weight decreased. Ultrasonication tends to inhibit its germination of mungbean and results in the decrease in weight, length and moisture. Specially ultrasonication had a marked effect on UTG II. The longer the time of ultrasonication was, the more was the growth inhibited. In the control groups, the content of amino acid increased until 72 hours, but after that, it decreased. of the amino acid determined, glutamic acid decreased marekedly in the cotyledons, While the opposite was the case with aspartic acid in the hypocotyls. Comparing with the control groups, UTG I, the content of amino acid decreased. As the ultrasonic treaed time was increased, the concentration of amino acid in hypocotyl cotyledon tended to decreased. UTG II, the content of amino acid was lower than control groups, but higher than UTG I, and the effects of ultrasonication were similar to UTG I.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of tall fescue(TF, Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). Four varieties of TF were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination patterns, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and varieties. Germination percentage was variable with varieties at the end of study. It was 85.25 to 97.00% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and patterns among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 7 and 9 DAS(days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 2 to 3 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. It was 11 to 12 DAS in days to the 50% germination, which was 3 to 4 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 12.38 to 14.29 DAS, being 1.55 to 4.77 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. Olympic Gold was regarded as the fastest variety and Tar Heel II was slowest. Data from this study demonstrated that information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns among varieties would be usefully applied for TF establishment such as golf course construction.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2014

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.). Fifteen cultivars were evaluated under alternative conditions (8 hours light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16 hours dark at $15^{\circ}C$). Significant differences were observed in germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars. A final germination percentage differed in cultivars, being 75.25 to 89.50%. The first germination was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding). As for the first germination percentage, 'Brilliant' and 'Midnight II' produced 14.50% and 23.00%, respectively, while the others were most below 5%. Days to 75% germination were between 15.08 and 28.80 DAS. 'Excursion', 'Midnight II', 'Odyssey', 'Midnight' and 'Courtyard' were fastest. The slowest cultivar was 'Voyager II', being over 28 DAS, which were 13 to 14 days slower than the fastest ones. Considering the first germination percentage, days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern, 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Midnight' were regarded as excellent cultivars under alternative conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be practically useful for a golf course construction when established with KB.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 2013

Research was initiated to investigate early germination and establishment characteristics of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). An alternative condition was applied in Experiment I with 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA condition). Experiment II was conducted under $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ (natural condition). Significant differences were observed in germination percentage, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was 66.00 to 93.75% under ISTA and 66.25 to 93.50% under natural conditions. Germination speed, measured as days to germination of 50% through 90%, was much faster with 'Pennant II', 'Brightstar II', 'Sonata' and 'Accent II' under ISTA conditions. But it was faster only with 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' under natural conditions. Germination peak time ranged 1.48 to 5.65 days under ISTA, while 2.17 to 10.63 days under natural conditions. Regardless of growing conditions, the shortest cultivars in peak time were 'Sonata', 'Pennant II', and 'Brightstar II' and the longest one 'Revenge GLX'. Considering germinating vigor, early germination speed and germination peak time, 'Pennant II', 'Brightstar II', 'Sonata' and 'Accent II' were regarded as excellent cultivars under ISTA conditions, while 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' under natural conditions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.198-202
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• 2018

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of germination and temperature on the antioxidant activity of coffee. Green beans were germinated at 20 and $40^{\circ}C$. Germinated green beans were dried and roasted. Ground coffee was brewed at $90^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. Coffee samples were analyzed for antioxidant compounds and for its antioxidant activity. The total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in coffee brewed with coffee beans germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ (CG20) were significantly higher than those in coffee brewed with non-germinated coffee beans (CNG). The same tendency was observed on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assays. TPC and TFC of coffee brewed with germinated coffee beans decreased with an increase in germination temperature from 20 to $40^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, germination of coffee beans contributes to an increase in its antioxidant activity. However, setting the appropriate temperature for germination is an important factor in determining the antioxidant activity of coffee.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.361-368
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• 2011

Three types of doenjang were prepared with regular soybean, germinated regular soybean, and a mixture of germinated regular and black soybean. After 90 days of fermentation, pH, moisture, and salt contents of doenjang were $6.01{\pm}0.01-6.72{\pm}0.01$, $53.78{\pm}0.22-57.99{\pm}0.11$, and $14.17{\pm}0.06-15.03{\pm}0.21%$, respectively, showing slight differences according to soybean germination. Amylase and protease activity of doenjang changed similarly during fermentation in all samples. Amino-type nitrogen and free amino acid content of germinated black soybean doenjang after 90 days of fermentation were $1256.21{\pm}1.86$ and 994.46 mg%, respectively, which were higher than those of other samples. A sensory evaluation of germinated regular soybean doenjang showed the highest scores for color, taste, and overall acceptability. These results suggest that high sensory quality doenjang can be prepared using germinated regular soybean and a mixture of germinated regular soybean and black soybean.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 1997

In this study, germination characteristics and effect of some chemicals on germination of Trapa japonica $F_{EROV}$ seeds were investigated to obtain a fundamental data for controlling them. When the seeds were stored at low temperature for at least 3 months, their dormancy was completely released with a germinability of above 90%. However, those stored under the room or high temperature condition were never germinated. Germination was best at constant temperature of around $25^{\circ}C$ or at alternate temperature of 25/$15^{\circ}C$ (12 hr-day/12 hr-night), and was nat dependent on light. They could germinate though planted at the depth of 15 cm, but their initial growth were: suppressed with increase of planting depth, especially above 10 cm depth. Germinability was lost when the fresh weight was decreased more than 30%, indicating that the seed is sensitive to dehydration. The freezing at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr didn't affect germination, but 5 hr treatment completely killed them. Their germination was inhibited by 100% at 100 ppm ABA and slightly inhibited above 25 ppm of butachlor, whereas pyrazosulfuron-ethylnt is likely to control T. japonica physically and herbicide treatment to inhibit germination may not be recommendatory. and bensulfuron-methyl didn't inhibit the germination at the concentration of 100 ppm. Taken together, dehydration treatme is likely to control T. japonica physically and herbicide treatment to inhibit germination may not be recommendatory.