• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2012

Purpose: The option of selecting isotonic rather than hypotonic fluids for maintenance fluid in children has been advocated by some authors. Pneumonia and CNS infections are frequent clinical settings for acute hyponatremia because of nonosmotic anti-diuretic hormone stimuli in children. We conducted the present study to identify the incidence of hyponatremia in pneumonia and CNS infection of children and to determine the importance of maintenance intravenous fluid therapy regimen and other related factors. Methods: The study included 1,992 patients admitted to the Department of Pediatrics at Pusan National University Children's Hospital between November 2008 and August 2011, who were diagnosed with pneumonia or CNS infections and checked for serum sodium concentration. Their clinical data including laboratory findings were reviewed retrospectively. Results: During the study period, 218 patients were identified to have acute hyponatremia among 1,992 patients. The overall incidence of hyponatremia was 10.9%. The incidence of hyponatremia in encephalitis (37.3%) was highest and the incidence in bacterial meningitis (27.4%), viral meningitis (20.0%), bacterial pneumonia (11.1%), mycoplasma pneumonia (9.2%), and viral pneumonia (6.8%) were in descending order. The mean age was higher in hyponatremic patients than in isonatremic patients. The incidence of hyponatremia was higher in who had 0.18% NaCl in 5% dextrose (D5 0.18% NS) than 0.45% NaCl in 5% dextrose infusion (D5 1/2NS) (9.0% vs. 2.2%). SIADH was identified in 20.5% among hospital acquired hyponatremic patients after adequate evaluation for SIADH. Conclusion: We recommend D5 1/2NS rather than D5 0.18% NS as the maintenance fluid given to children with pneumonia or infectious CNS diseases.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.561-569
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• 2022

A study was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of kidney cancer according to income level and the difference in delayed diagnosis. To this end, the incidence of kidney cancer in Korea was analyzed by income level and by stage. From 2015 to 2017, a national kidney cancer cohort was established by linking the KCCR(Korea Central Cancer Registry), NHISS(National health insurance sharing service), and the HIRA(Health insirance review and assessment service) database to calculate the kidney cancer incidence by stage and income level. During the study period, the incidence of kidney cancer in Korea increased in all income deciles, but decreased only in the medical aid population. The incidence of kidney cancer in Korea was 7.35 per 100,000 people, and 83.54% of them were locoregional kidney cancer. In the top 20% of the income decile, there was a high incidence of 21.46 cases per 100,000 people, among which 18.37 cases were locoregional kidney cancer. On the other hand, even after adjusting for risk factors related to kidney cancer, it was confirmed that the lower the income level, the higher the risk of being diagnosed with kidney cancer with distant metastasis (lowest income 20% adj.OR 1.807, 95% CI 1.411-2.222). In the insured population, the risk ratio of being diagnosed with unknown stage was 1.926 (95% CI 1.317, 2.816). The higher the income level, the higher the frequency of early cancer diagnosis, but the lower the income level, the higher the risk of being diagnosed with metastatic kidney cancer or an unknown stage, so health inequality according to income level was observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.5
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• pp.1186-1195
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• 2021

Purpose In the adult emergency department of a university hospital, we investigated the frequency of major discrepancies between the preliminary reports by radiology residents and the final reports by certified radiologists. Materials and Methods Based on CT and MRI scans obtained between December 2016 and November 2019, we selected cases with diagnoses or treatment plans that could be changed due to discrepancies between preliminary and final reports and classified them by the type of discrepancy. We also examined the distributions of the major discrepancies and stratified them by residents' working time zone, experience, and subspecialty. Results Based on the 72137 preliminary reports evaluated, 1348 tests (1.9%) showed major discrepancies. Most of the major discrepancies were false negatives (72.0%), followed by misdiagnosis (26.3%) and false positives (1.7%). Acute findings (87.2%) were more common than non-acute findings (12.8%). The major discrepancy rate increased toward the second half of the 24-hour shift, with the highest rate of 2.9% occurring between 2 am and 4 am. The major discrepancy rate did not vary with experience, and it varied from 0.6% to 4.5% for each subspecialty. Conclusion The major discrepancy rate was less than 2%, and it increased with longer working hours during a 24-hour shift.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.597-606
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• 2016

This is descriptive research to understand the constipation rate of elementary school students due to their differences in cognition of their eating habits, hours of exercise/physical activity, stress, and school restroom environment in accordance with the matter of constipation, as well as the factors related to the constipation rate. A total of 741 students (grade3-6) from six elementary schools in Jeollanam-do were targeted; the survey was conducted from April 30th to May 12th, 2014. The frequency, percentage, ${\chi}^2$ test, independent t-test, and bivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. The constipation rate was 23.9%, and there were factors related to the constipation rate, such as restroom preference, matter of defecation during breaks, number of meals per day, number of breakfasts skipped, size of the meal, hours of institute class, hours of internet use, stress, and cognition of school restroom environment. In particular, students with 'high' stress had a 5.44 times higher rate of constipation than students with 'low' stress. As subjective symptoms are limited in diagnosing constipation, a detailed medical examination and physical checkup should be included in the process of understanding the constipation rate, as well as in education and management to prevent elementary school students from having constipation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.84-90
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• 2004

A prediction of SEE rates for a candidate microprocessor is made based on the ground experiment results with a proton accelerator. Populations of charged particles in space are estimated with numerical models such as AP8, JPL91 and CREME. The cross section curves that are previously obtained with the accelerator are then employed for SEE prediction. Both the high and low inclinations are considered for low-earth orbits with nominal altitudes of about 685km. The results show that the occurrence rate of SEEs for the candidate device is acceptable for low-inclinations, but can be considerable under worst conditions for high inclinations.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2013

During pear fruit development, calyx can abscise from fruitlet following petal fall. The calyx abscission varies with pear cultivars. The presence of calyx on pear fruit makes the fruit shape calyx end protruded. In the present study, the degrees of the calyx abscission were examined in 120 Southern-type Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), 52 Nothern-type Asian pear (P. ussuriensis), and 34 European pear (P. communis) cultivars, and its inheritance was investigated using cross combinations between the Southern-type Asian pear cultivars showing different degrees of calyx abscission. Majority of the cultivars produced < 10% or > 90% calyx-perpetual fruit, but the cultivars producing both calyx-perpetual and -deciduous fruit were in minor frequency. The cultivars producing < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit were in higher frequency in Southern-type Asian, Nothern-type Asian, and European pears in that order, while those producing calyx-perpetual fruit were in higher frequency in European, Nothern-type Asian, and Southern-type Asian pears in that order. In the cross between the parents producing < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit, most of the $F_1$ seedlings also produced < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit. In the cross between the parents producing > 90% calyx-perpetual fruit, on the contrary, most of the $F_1$ seedlings also produced > 90% calyx-perpetual fruit. When the paternal parent produced < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit, most of the $F_1$ seedlings also produced < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit regardless of the degree of calyx abscission in the maternal parent. When the cross was between the maternal parent producing < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit and the paternal parent showing different degrees of calyx abscission, the $F_1$ seedlings showed similar degrees of the calyx abscission to those in the paternal parent. These results suggest that the characteristics of the calyx abscission is influenced more greatly by the paternal parent than by the maternal parent, and the calyx abscission in Southern-type Asian pears is a qualitative trait which is governed by dominant gene(s).

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.184-194
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• 2010

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) according to clinical characteristics in patients with congenital hydronephrosis (CH) and hydronephrotic patients first diagnosed with hydronephrosis during treatment of febrile UTII. Methods : In this study, 200 patients with congenital hydronephrosis were enrolled in group 1 and 252 patients first diagnosed with hydronephrosis during treatment of febrile UTI were enrolled in group 2. We counted the episodes of UTI in the two groups according to clinical characteristics, the presence of VUR, type of feeding, and clinical outcomes since 2000. And we compared those results between the two groups. and compared two groups as well. Results : The incidence of recurrent UTI was 10%, 0.028 per person-year in group 1 and 16.7%, 0.051 per person-year in group 2, respectively (P <0.05). Group 2 had more VUR (3% vs. 27%, P <0.05) and higher incidence of UTI than group 1. The incidence of UTI in patients with CH of Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) grade 4 or grade 4-5 VUR was 80% and 44.4%, respectively. No significant differences were found in incidence of UTI between BMF (breast milk feeding) and artificial milk feeding group in both groups (P 1=0.274, P 2=0.4). The time of resolution of CH had no correlation with either number of UTI episodes or the presence of VUR. Conclusion : The overall incidence of UTI is low in patients with CH as well as patients patients first diagnosed with hydronephrosis during treatment of febrile UTI except patients with SFU grade 4 or grade 4-5 VUR. BMF has no protective effect against UTI.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1995

Purpose : To analyze survival rate and late rectal and bladder complication for patients with stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix treated by radiation alone or combined with chemotherapy Materials and Methods : Between November 1984 and December 1993, 127 patients with stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix treated by radiation alone or combined therapy of radiation and chemotherapy. Retrospective analysis for survival rate was carried out on eligible 107 patients and review for complication was possible in 91 patients. The median follow-up was 47 months (range 3-118) and the median age of patiens was 56 years (range 31-76). 26 patients were stage IB by FIGO classification, 40 were stage IIA and 41 were stage IIB. 86 cases were treated by radiation alone and 21 were treated by radiation and chemotherapy. 101 patients were treated with intracavitary radiation therapy (ICRT), of these, 80 were received low dose rate (LDR) ICRT and 21 were received high dose rate (HDR) ICRT. Of the patients who received LDR ICRT, 63 were treated by 1 intracavitary insertion and 17 were underwent 2 insertions And we evaluated the external radiation dose and midline shield. Results : Actuarial survival rate at 5 years was $92{\%}$ for stage IB, $75{\%}$ for stage IIA, $53{\%}$ for stage IIB and $69{\%}$ in all patients Grade 1 rectal complications were developed in 20 cases ($22{\%}$), grade 2 were in 22 cases ($24{\%}$). 22 cases ($24{\%}$) of grade 1 urinary complications and 17 cases ($19{\%}$) of grade 2 urinary complications were observed But no patient had severe complications that needed surgical management or admission care. Maximum bladder dose for the group of patients with urinary complications was higher than that for the patients without urinary complications (7608 cGy v 6960cGy. p<0.01) Maximum rectal dose for the group of patients with rectal complications was higher than that for the patients without rectal complications (7041cGy v 6269cGy, p<0.01). While there was no significant difference for survival rate or bladder complication incidence as a function of dose to whole pelvis, Grade 2 rectal complication incidence was significantly lower for the patients receiving less than 4500cGy ($6.3{\%}$ v $25.5{\%}$, p<0.05). There was no significant differance between HDR ICRT group and LDR ICRT group for survival rate according to stage, on the other hand complication incidence was higher in the HDR group than LDR group, This was maybe due to different prescription doses between HDR group and LDR group. Midline shield neither improved survival rate nor decreased complication rate. The number of insertion in LDR ICRT group did not affect on survival and compication rate. Conclusion : In stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix there was no significant differance for 5 year survival rate by radiation therapy technique. Rectal complication incidence was as a function of dose to whole pelvis and there were positive correlations of maximum dose of rectum and bladder and each complication incidence. So we recommand whole pelvis dose less than 4500cGy and maximum dose of rectum and bladder as low as possible.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2013

In this paper, reliability software model considering fault detection rate based on observations from the process of software product testing was studied. Adding new fault probability using the S-shaped distribution model that is widely used in the field of reliability problems presented. When correcting or modifying the software, finite failure non-homogeneous Poisson process model was used. In a software failure data analysis considering the time-dependent fault detection rate, the parameters estimation using maximum likelihood estimation of failure time data and reliability make out.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.154-156
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• 2005

본 논문은 TCP의 무선 환경에서의 전송 성능 감소와 패킷 왕복 시간에 따른 대역폭 선점 문제를 해결하기 위한 타이머 기반의 혼잡 제어 방식을 제안한다. TCP는 패킷 손실 확률이 많은 무선 환경에서 네트워크 혼잡에 의한 패킷 손실을 방지하기 위한 느린 전송률 증가로 인해 전송 성능이 크게 떨어진다. 또한, TCP 송신자는 전송률을 결정하는 전송 윈도우를 수신자로부터 응답 메시지를 받을 때만 조정시키므로, 패킷의 왕복 시간의 차이에 따른 전송률 편중 현상과 다수개의 응답 메시지에 의한 과도한 트래픽 발생의 문제가 발생한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 타이머 기반의 TCP 혼잡 제어 방식은 패킷의 전송 시간 간격을 타이머로 조정함으로써 무선 환경에서 전송 성능을 향상시키고 패킷의 왕복 시간 차이에 따른 전송률 편중 현상을 완화시키며 다수개의 응답 메시지에 의한 과도한 트래픽의 발생을 제한한다. 제안하는 방법은 실제 환경에서 구현되었으며, 다양한 네트워크 환경에서의 실험을 통해 그 성능을 입증하였다.