• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.113-122
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• 2015

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of Kalopanax pictus Nakai (Kalopanax) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) reduction. Kalopanax trunk was extracted with 70% ethanol and 70% methanol. Rumen fluid, alfalfa hay and buffer (control: C) supplemented with 0.3% Kalopanx juice (T1), 0.3% ethanol extract (T2) and 0.3% methanol extract (T3) in the total volume of culture medium were incubated at $38^{\circ}C$ for 24h and 48h. Rumen pH was lower in all Kalopanax treatments during all incubations than that in control (p<0.05). Total VFA and total gas production in T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that in C at 48h incubation (p<0.05). Ammonia-N was decreased in all treatments compared with C during the incubation periods (p<0.05). At 24h incubation, $CH_4$ contents were significantly reduced by both alcohol extracts. It is concluded that supplementing Kalopanax extracts can stimulate ruminal fermentation of rumen microorganisms and inhibit methanogenesis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1995

Three fistulated nonlactating Holstein cows were used to examine the change in ruminal characteristics when fed diets of 100% corn silage, 50% corn silage + 50% wet brewers' grain(WBG) and 100% WBG, and also twenty Holstein heifers averaging 156 $\PM$ 3.2kg BW were randomly assingned to determine the adequate feeding level of concentrate with the following treatments ; Only WBG, concentrate to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of BW under feeding WBG ad libitum. Tne main results were as follows : I. Ruminal pH was minimized 3 hrs after feeding and then gradually increased. The mean ruminal pH was highest in feeding only WBG (6.72) and lowest in only corn silage(6.0) 2. Ruminal $NH_3$-N concentration was maximized 1 hr after feeding and then gradually decreased regardless of diets, n7e average ruminal $NH_3$-N content was highest in diet of 100% WBG(12.9 rngldl) and lowest in 100% corn silage(5.9 mg/dl) 3. Acetic acid percent among VFA was highest when WBG replaced 50% corn silage and acetic to propionic acid ratio was higher in order of feeding only corn silage, 50% corn silage + 50% WBG and only WBG. 4. Ruminal bacteria and protozoa number in diet of 50% corn silage + 50% WBG were 8.14 $\times$ > $10^5$ and 1.45 $\times$ $10^5$, respectively, which were most of all treatments. 5. Daily gain and feed efficiency of Holstein heifer in feeding concentrate to 0.5% of BW and forage hay to about 20% of total DM intake when fed free WBG were better

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

In the 1960s, economic growth served to step up industrialization and urbanization, which was concurrent with th e urban concentration of population, and this phenomenon led to an increase in crime, and there was a rapid increase in demand for security at the same time. So the law enforcement authorities instituted the security service act in a move to secure quasi-police force. The enactment of the security service act has been put in force up to now, fueling the growth of security business. Mean while, the security industry has attained a splendid growth as one of growth industries, and it's required to look back on the past to determine new directions for the industry to make a new leap forward. Thus, the 1970s was a period to lay the groundwork for Korean private security, and the purpose of this study was to examine the social environments of the 1970s related to private security and what accelerated the development of private security.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2014

In order to isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria possessing high inhibitory activities against porcine and zoonotic pathogens, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Clostridium perfringens, a total of 65 anaerobic strains were initially isolated from a variety of sources including cattle rumen fluids, chicken intestines and swine feces. Four Bifidobacterium strains were selected for their high anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. By using the 16S rDNA sequencing method, three B. boum strains and one B. thermophilum were identified. B. thermophilum demonstrated the best adhesive ability to epithelial cells of swine intestine among the isolates. Indeed, B. thermophilum was seen to have superior characteristics as a probiotic for swine, as judged by their high growth inhibitory activities against various pathogens, and high acid- and bile-tolerance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explain a structural model of posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses based on existing models and a literature review and verify its effectiveness. Methods: Data were collected from psychiatric nurses in one special city, four metropolitan cities, and three regional cities from February to March 2016. Exogenous variables included hardiness and distress perception, while endogenous variables included self-disclosure, social support, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic growth. Data from 489 psychiatric nurses were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 and AMOS 20.0. Results: The modified model was a good fit for the data. Tests on significance of the pathways of the modified model showed that nine of the 14 paths were supported, and the explanatory power of posttraumatic growth by included variables in the model was 69.2%. For posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses, deliberate rumination had a direct effect as the variable that had the largest influence. Indirect effects were found in the order of hardiness, social support, and distress perception. Self-disclosure showed both direct and indirect effects. Conclusion: A strategy to improve deliberate rumination is necessary when seeking to improve posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses. Enhancing psychiatric nurses' hardiness before trauma would enable them to actively express negative emotions after trauma, allowing them to receive more social support. This would improve deliberate rumination and consequently help promote psychological growth among psychiatric nurses who have experienced trauma.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.915-933
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• 2016

This paper is to elucidate geographical implications of fieldwork activities of everyday-life space of students of an elementary teachers college. The students depended mainly on questionaries and interview for gathering data during fieldwork. They had difficulty in processing data to visual-spatial representation, i.e. map, tables, and diagrams. But they were favourable for appling their fieldwork experiences to teaching the elementary geography. This is viewed as an unique behavioral orientation or desirable attitudes of students of an elementary teachers college. On the basis of the self-assessment and peer-assessment of fieldwork activities, it could be ascertained that the students came to understand the geographical value and significance of fieldwork activities. The fieldwork activities made them to heighten their interest of everyday-life space, and so to internalize positive their senses of place, to enforce their identities of place. According to the results of this research, we need to develop a systemic contents for fieldwork activities in geography curriculum of elementary teachers colleges.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

Objective : Emotional state and emotion regulation strategies are considered to be important factors influencing the pattern and severity of somatic pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive emotional regulation strategies and somatic pain in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Methods : A total of 140 outpatients, diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV-TR, were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for somatic pain. Pearson correlations and independent t-tests were performed to analyze the relationship between somatic pain, the severity of depression and/or anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Results : The severity of pain was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, but not with anxiety. Patients with somatic pain tend to use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulating strategies more frequently, especially rumination and catastrophizing. Conclusion : These findings suggest that somatic pain correlates with maladaptive cognitive emotional regulating strategies. Interventions which modulate these non-productive strategies, especially rumination and catastrophizing, would be a new approach for managing patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders who are suffering from somatic pain.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the feed value of Phellinus linteus meal. The chemical composition and particle size of Phellinus linteus meal was determined, and investigated the effect of partial substitution(0, 5, 10 and 20%) of dried Phellinus linteus meal on metabolizability and serum IgG concentration of layers. Crude fiber content of Phellinus linteus meal was higher, and crude protein and crude fat contents were similar level compare to corn, barley, and wheat. Dry matter metabolizability of Phellinus linteus meal was lower in 10 and 20% treatment than those of 0 and 5% treatment significantly(p<0.05). But, Phellinus linteus meal did not affect concentration of serum IgG.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 2017

The goal of this study is to suggest various improvements and expanding strategies of the public library ecosystem. For this goal, researcher reviewed and analyzed the realistic landscapes and social recognitions about the public library ecosystem as local public goods, and discoursed the basic principles and structural terrain of public library ecosystem based on natural ecosystem. As a result, researcher proposed multifaceted alternatives (ensure library's identity and publicity applying Law of Karma, strengthen librarian's professionalism on the premise of overcoming the Minerva's syndrome, optimize the library service and collection management based on the Pareto principle, reduce reading room and differentiated program through resolution of Halo effect, eliminate usage bias by life cycle based on the Gauss distribution, acceptance of the digital paradigm and use-friendly spatialization that ruminates the Icarus paradox, incorporate small library into public library system through a clear understanding of the Gresham's law, and enforce communication and spread social and cultural value through the practice of the Pompeii paradox).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine effects of and a proper level of barley malt sprouts(BMS) addition as well as to develop an effective fermentation method when broiler litter(BL) was ensiled or deepstacked with 0 to 10% levels of BMS. Mixtures were ensiled or deepstacked for one month and physico-chemical analyses were made between before and after treatments. Addition of BMS up to 10% enhanced nutritional quality of either of ensiled or deepstacked BL mixtures. Especially, the quantity and quality of protein were improved with the addition of BMS to BL. However, the still high pH values after ensiling of various mixtures indicated that anaerobic fermentation did not effectively occur with the addition of up to 10% of BMS to BL and consideration of fermentation aids appeared to be necessary. For deepstacking, addition of BMS to BL increased internal peak temperature(from 56 to $70^{\circ}C$) of the stack, indicating that the added BMS to BL stimulated the degradative activity of fermentative microorganisms. The deepstacking method was more effective than the ensiling method for the manufacture of hygienical fred mixture with BL and BMS.