• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.919-924
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• 1992

The kinetics of the hydrolysis of N-benzylidenebenzenesulfonamide derivatives have been investigated by ultraviolet spectrophotometry in $H_2O$ at $25^{\circ}C$. A rate equation which can be applied over a wide pH range was obtained. The substituent effect on the hydrolysis of N-benzylidenebenzenesulfonamide derivatives were studied and rate of hydrolysis is known to be accelerated by electron withdrowing group. Final product of the hydrolysis was benzenesulfonamide and benzaldehyde. Base on the rate equation, substituent effect, general base effect and final products, hydrolysis of N-benzylidenebenzenesulfonamide derivatives seemed to be initiated by the hydronium ion at the pH 0.2${\sim}$2.5 and proceeded by the neutral $H_2O$ molecule at pH 3.0${\sim}$8.0 but proceeded by the hydroxide ion at above pH 8.5.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to understand the experiment for measuring chemical reaction rate by precipitate formation and to develop experiments applying small-scale chemistry. For this study, the experimental method for measuring the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates presented in the 10 high school science textbooks were classified by their experimental methods of confirming production. Subsequently, problems observed in carrying out the experiments for measuring chemical reaction rates by precipitate formation frequently presented in the 10 high school science textbooks were analyzed. Experiments applying small-scale chemistry were developed measuring chemical reaction rate by precipitate formation. According to the result of this study, there were some problems in the experimental method of precipitate formation for measuring chemical reaction rates presented in the high school science textbooks. Those problems in the science textbook experiments were insufficient specification of mixing methods of reaction solutions, obscurity of knowing when the character letter X disappeared, time delay in collecting the experimental data, formation of hazardous sulfur dioxide, uneasiness of fixing water bath container, controlling the reaction temperature, and low reproducibility. Those problems were solved by developing experiments applying smallscale chemistry. Presenting the procedure of mixing reaction solutions on the A4 reaction paper sheet made the experimental procedure clearly, using well plates and stem pipette shortened the reaction time and made it possible to continuously collect the experimental data. Furthermore, the quantity of hazardous sulfur dioxide was reduced 1/7 times and the time when the character letter X disappeared could be observed clearly. Since experiments for measuring the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates could be performed in 30 minutes, the developing experiments applying SSC would help students understand the scientific concepts on the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates with enough time for experimental data analysis and discussion.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2013

The recovery of Zr from Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) cladding hulls was demonstrated to investigate the effect of the oxidation process on the reaction rate of the chlorination reaction. In chlorination reaction experiments performed for 6 h, where reaction products were collected every 2 h, it was observed that a significant decrease in the reaction rate was caused by the oxidation process ($500^{\circ}C$, 10 h under an air atmosphere) within the reaction period of 0 - 2 h. The amount of reaction residue increased from 0.95 to 1.65wt% of initial weights in the fresh and Zry-500-10 (Zry-4 hulls oxidized at $500^{\circ}C$ for 10 h under an air atmosphere) hulls, respectively. The purity of the recovered Zr was identical at 99.61wt% for the fresh Zry-4 and Zry-500-10 hulls. Quantitative analysis of the chlorination reaction rate was performed by varying the reaction time from 0.5 to 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h. The fitting results showed that the relationship between weight loss and reaction time can be interpreted by a linear line with a slope of 23.35wt%/h for the fresh Zry-4 case, while two linear lines were necessary to fit the results of Zry-500-10. In addition, the slope values were 17.12 and 27.16wt%/h for (0 - 20) and (20 - 100)wt% loss regions, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.642-650
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• 2005

This research investigates the effects of adding oxidants such as $Fe^0$, $Fe^{2+}$, and ${S_2O_8}^{2-}$ in the sonolysis of 1,4-D. Results indicate that the degradation could be divided into two steps (initiation and acceleration) kinetically. The initial portion agreed with zero-order expression, while the second portion could be fitted with pseudo first-order expression. In the presence of ${HCO_3}^-$, as a radical scavenger, the degradations of 1,4-D and TOC were suppressed, indicating that OH radical is an important factor in the sonolysis. The overall degradation efficiency of 79.0% in the sonolysis was achieved within 200 minutes. While $Fe^0$, $Fe^{2+}$, and ${S_2O_8}^{2-}$ were individually combined with sonication, the degradation efficiency of 1,4-D increased 18.6%, 19.1%, and 16.5% after 200 min, respectively. The addition of oxidants not only changed the kinetic model from zero to pseudo first order at initiation step, but also increased the rate constants in the acceleration step. The addition of oxidants in the sonolysis of 1,4-D also improved the mineralization of 1,4-D, however, the effect of adding oxidants on the rate increase was similar regardless of the oxidants.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.449-462
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• 1996

On the reaction crystallization of lanthanum oxalate effects of operation conditions of impeller speed, concentration and feed rate of reactant, and reaction temperature on the nucleation and growth of crystals were investigated experimentally. In general, at low supersation the analysis of crystallization processes is relatively clear. However, at high wupersaturation, which is usually applied in industrial crystallization, the processes are exhibited in much complication. In this study the lanthanum oxalate was crystallized by the reaction crystallization of high concentration of lanthanum chloride and oxalic acid in single-jet semi batch reactor. Agitation of solution and suspension in the reactor influenced to enhance the reaction process and crystal growth process which gave opposite effect on the crystallization of lanthanum oxalate. In our experiment since increase of impeller speed gave more influence on the reaction process rather than on the crystal growth process, the supersaturation concentration increased with increase of impeller speed, then resulted in decrease of mean crystal size. By the same effect of reactant concentration and feed rate, the decrease of mean crystall size of lanthanum oxalate was observed with increasing the reactant concentration and feed rate. In case of increasing reaction temperature, the mean crystal size increased. The morphology of lanthanum oxalate crystal was not changed within the variation ranges of the operation conditions which were applied in our experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2010

In the presence of alcohol, phospholipase D (PLD) is known to perform transphosphatidylation activity, during which the overall reaction rate of PLD increased. To elucidate the reaction mechanism of transphosphatidylation further, we investigated rate constants of transphosphatidylation reaction of the purified ${\alpha}$-type PLD from cabbage in the presence of various alcohols. The second-oder rate constants of PLD transphosphatidylation showed a large increase with the primary alcohols examined as expected. In the case of butanol we observed the second-oder rate constant of $33.33{\pm}1.33M^{-1}sec^{-1}$. This second-order rate constant of transphosphatidylation was as 400 times greater as the second-order hydrolysis rate constant of $0.078M^{-1}sec^{-1}$ which was adjusted for the water concentration. A linear free energy relationship between the $pK_a$ of alcohol and transphosphatidylation rate gives a Br${\o}$nsted slope of ${\beta}_{nu}$ = 0.12 ${\pm}$ 0.03. This small ${\beta}_{nu}$ value implicates that the transition state of break down of phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate (E-P) is likely dissociative. Finally, a reaction mechanism of cabbage PLD is suggested on the basis of our results presented here and the histidine residue known to be located in the active site of cabbage PLD.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.250-258
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• 2010

A numerical analysis of reactive flow in a liftoff flame is accomplished to elucidate the characteristics of flame propagation velocity and volume integral of reaction rate with the variation of nozzle diameter and fuel injection flow rate in a liftoff flame consisted with fuel rich region, fuel lean region and diffusion flame region. The increase of fuel injection velocity enhances flame propagation velocity for the selected three nozzle diameter(d=0.25, 0.30, 0.35mm), but its effect on the flame propagation velocity is not much greater than 4.3%. The increase of fuel flow rate is directly and linearly related with the volume reaction rate and so the volume reaction rate, not the flame propagation velocity, might be considered to accommodate the variation of fuel flow rate in a liftoff flame.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.481-484
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• 2006

NaCl 첨가는 전력 소모를 줄여주는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났고, 같은 전력량에서 NaCl의 첨가량이 증가하여 전류가 증가할수록 초기 반응속도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나 30분의 반응시간 후 최종 RhB 농도는 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 철 전극만을 이용하여 전기분해 반응만을 이용하는 경우보다 $H_2O_2$를 첨가하여 전기분해 + 전기 펜톤-유사 반응을 이용하는 것이 RhB의 탈색에 유리하다고 사료되었다. pH가 산성영역으로 갈수록 초기반응속도와 반응종결시간이 빨라졌으며, 97%의상의 제거율을 얻기 위해서는 pH 6이하에서, 5분 이내의 반응종결을 위해서는 pH 5이하에서 운전하여야 한다고 사료되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.83-84
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• 2001

액적화학은 SO4$^{-2}$ 생성에 중요한 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라 OH와 HO$_2$ 라디칼 생성에도 영향을 미친다. 따라서 기존 기상 광화학반응에 액적화학을 추가하여 산성비 모사를 하여왔다. 그러나 액적화학을 추가하기 위해서는 기액간의 물질전달을 포함하여야 하고 액적화학반응속도와 기상화학반응속도가 크게 다름으로써 수치적 풀이의 어려움이 가중되는 문제가 있다. 따라서 기존 연구에서는 기액간의 평형 및 시간 분리 등의 가정을 사용하여 액적화학 반응 추가에 따른 문제를 해결하여 왔다. 본 논문은 이러한 수치단순화의 정확도를 평가하려 한다. (중략)

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.340-345
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• 2003

Feasibility of large-scale photobioreactors for biological CO$_2$ fixation was investigated using Chlorella sp. HA-1. Generally, as the volume of photobioreactor increased, the CO$_2$ fixation rate decreased because of a lower illumination efficiency in large-scale than in small-scale photobioreactors. Though controlling the arrangement and the number of light source, the maximum CO$_2$ fixation rates that could be achieved were 530 and 357 gCO$_2$/㎡day for 40 L and 188 L photobioreactor, respectively, which was higher than the CO$_2$ fixation rate of lab-scale photobioreactor.