• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.72-78
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• 2006

Effect of organic loading rate on digester performance was evaluated under the conditions of same surface area/reactor volume ratio and different reactor diameter. At the low loading rate of $0.4\;kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$, high rate of organic removal could be obtained regardless of reactor diameter. It can be estimated that reactor configuration can not affect reactor performance at the low loading rate. However, different performance depending on reactor diameter was observed at the organic loading rate of $6\;kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$. That is, volatile acid accumulation and low COD removal efficiency was observed in reactor having 6.4 cm diameter, while volatile acid was not accumulated at all and high COD removal efficiency was observed in reactor having 3 cm diameter. Such a difference of reactor performance depending on reactor diameter can be explained that sludge bed can be fluidized by evolved gas bubble in narrow reactor while sludge bed can not be fluidized by evolved gas bubble only in wide reactor. At a high organic loading rate of $20\;kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$, it can be judged that there is no relation between reactor configuration and reactor performance because all reactors showed very low COD removal efficiencies regardless of reactor diameter. Sludge bed fluidization is one of the most important factors in achieving efficient start-up of anaerobic digester. Narrow and tall type reactor is favorable condition for making sludge bed fluidization at a constant surface area/reactor volume ratio. Thus, it can be judged that reactor configuration and sludge bed fluidization have great influence to reactor performance.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.679-688
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• 1994

Physicochemical and morphological characteristics of biopellets produced in "control" and modified UASB reactor were investigated to compare the reactor performance with regard to the hydrogen partial pressure. The characteristics of biopellet produced in modified UASB reactor operated with high hydrogen partial pressure were better than those of "control" reactor operated with relatively lower hydrogen partial pressure, therefore the hydrogen partial pressure effected greatly on the formation and stability of the biopellet. Furthermore, pellets from the UASB system with modified settler showed a better settleability and biomass holding capacity. The chemical composition of biopellet was distinctively different from that of common bacterial formula, $C_5H_7O_2N$. Biopellets was composed the large fraction of nitrogen in comparison with common anaerobic microbes. These results implicated the existence possibility of polypeptide-type extracellular polymer. The morphological characterization with SEM showed that microorganisms observed at surface of biopellet produced in modified UASB reactor operated with high $P_{H_2}$ condition were very similar in shape and size to the Methanobrevibactor arboriphilus-$H_2$ utilizing methanogen. The microorganisms was distinguished from those of "control" reactor operated with low $P_{H_2}$ condition. From these results, it could be explained the hydrogen partial pressure effects on pelletization mechanism.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.550-558
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• 2003

Digestion of primary sludge was conducted to evaluate the effects of reactor configuration using UAD, CUAD, TPAD, and semi-continuos CSTR. Highest VSS reduction and gas production were obtained in CUAD at all HRT. More efficient digestion was accomplished in upflow digesters compared to TPAD and CSTR. Higher thickening of solids in reactor and longer solids retention were main reasons for the enhanced digestion in CUAD and UAD. Performance based on the SRT of CUAD was nearly identical to that of UAD. However, those of TPAD and CSTR were lower than that of CUAD. Particulate and soluble organics in upflow reactors were well adsorbed due to secreted extracellular polymeric substances from the sludge granules. These might result in close proximity of microorganisms and substrates and enhanced hydrolysis. Additionally, diverse anaerobic microorganisms and neutral pH in upflow reactor could induce more activity of hydrolytic enzymes and sludge granules might offer lower thermodynamic energy state. While, excessive mixing in CSTR could break conglomerates of enzymes and substrates into fine particles, which resulted in lowered hydrolysis. Low pH level in acid fermenter of TPAD lowered hydrolysis of the particulate substrates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.860-865
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• 2006

The characteristics of flow field and turbulent mixing efficiency of SS in non-aerated contacting reactor are critical design parameters directly affecting on the efficiency of the overall process of wastewater treatment system. To this end, in this study numerical fluid dynamic calculation has been made to investigate the flow field and concentration distribution of SS in terms of specification(shape and dimension) of impeller and other operating conditions. As the first step, the performance of the computer program developed was successfully evaluated by the comparison of the typical flow field with the type of impeller with that appeared in open literature. Further, a series of parametric investigations are made in terms of interesting parameters such as the type and dimension of impeller, location, and number of impeller, etc. A number of useful conclusions obtained by numerical calculation are the superiority of mixing efficiency of pitched type than the flat one together with the visible increase of the overall mixing effect by the employment of the larger impeller and increase of the impeller number, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.162-162
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• 2008

세리아는 고체 산화물 연료전지(SOFC, solid oxide fuel cell)의 전해질 재료와CMP( chemical mechanical polishing) 슬러리 재료, 자동차의 3원 촉매, gas sensor, UV absorbent등 여러 분야에서 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 세리아의 입자의 크기와 형상을 조절하여 성능 및 물성을 향상시켜 보다 넓은 분야의 활용을 하고자 실험을 실시하였다. 세리아 합성에 사용되는 전구체인 cerium carbonate의 특성이 세리아 분말의 물리화학적 특성에 직접적인 영향을 주기 때문에 전구체의 합성 단계에서 형상과 크기를 조절하고자 하였다. 세륨염으로 cerium nitrate hexahydrate, 균일침전반응을 할 수 있는 urea를 침전제로 사용하였다. 반응 용매의 유전상수를 조절하고 반응의 과포화도 변화를 이용하기 위하여 에탄올을 첨가하여 입자의 크기 및 형상을 조절, cubic형태의 $Ce_2O(CO_3)_2{\cdot}H_2O$ 결정상을 가지는 세리아 전구체를 합성하였다. 이렇게 생성된 전구체를 $1000^{\circ}C$에서 2시간동안 하소하여 세리아를 합성하고 반응시간, 농도, 에탄올의 함량 변화에 대해 XRD, FE-SEM, particle size analyzer, micropore physisorption analyzer 분석을 통하여 입자의 결정상과 형상, 입도 분포 및 기공분포 등을 반응인자의 변화에 따라 비교 및 해석하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.587-597
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• 2001

The structural system that discreterized continuous shells is frequently used to make dome-type structures and these structures show the unstable phenomena by snap-through or bifurcation when a load level reaches certain critical value. The characteristic structural behaviour of a cable dome shows a strong nonlinearity and very sensitive according to the initial imperfection. In this study the shape finding problem by applying initial tension stress is investigated and using this the unstable phenomena of perfectly shaped and initially imperfected shape model by external forces are examined to grasp the unstable behavior of cable dome using the Geiger-type model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

The rail clamp is the device to prevent that a crane slips along rails due to the wind blast as well as locate the crane in the set position for loading and unloading containers. The wedge type rail clamp should be designed to consider the structural stability and the durability because it compresses both rail side with large clamping force by the wedge working as the wind speed increases. In this research, the kriging interpolation method using sequential sampling is utilized to find the optimum shape of the jaw in the rail clamp. The suggested method predicts more accurate response value than the response surface method. The optimum results obtained by the proposal method are compared with those by the commercial software.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2013

This study evaluated the effect of fluid flow on the power density in a horizontal-flow microbial fuel cell (MFC). The maximum power densities in four types of flow induced by different channel types in the anode chamber were investigated. The fluid flow at each channel was analyzed using tracer tests. Results of polarization curves showed that the maximum power densities of case 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 95.7, 129.1, 190.9 and 114.2 mW/m2, respectively. Case 3 with a set of guide walls where flow had an S type-like shape showed the highest power density. Based on the Morrill Dispersion Index (MDI) value of case 4, microbial activity would be enhanced since the reactor allows even distribution of substrate but the overflow occurrence would not guarantee stable performance. Therefore, case 3 could be an effective reactor type for MFC because of high electricity generation and stable performance.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.341-346
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• 2005

펄스 도금 조건이 Co 도금층의 미세 구조 및 알칼리 $NaBH_4$ 용액의 수소발생특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 펄스 주기 및 최대전류밀도가 증가함에 따라 polyhedral 형상의 Co 결정립이 triangular형상으로 변화하였으며, 점차 결정립이 조대화 되어, 촉매 표면적이 감소하였다. 결국 알칼리 $NaBH_4$ 용액 내에서 가수분해반응에 참여하는 촉매 site가 감소하여 수소발생속도가 낮아졌다. 펄스도금시간이 증가함에 따라 Co 결정립의 크기가 점차 증가하여 촉매 표면적이 감소하였고, 가수분해반응에 참여하지 못하는 CO의 양이 증가하여 수소발생속도가 크게 감소하였다. 최대전류밀도 $0.1\;A/cm^2$, 펄스 주기 2 mS에서 10 s 동안 펄스 도금 시, $25^{\circ}C\;1\;wt.\%\;NaOH\;+\;10\;wt.\%\;NaBH_4$ 용액에서 $2140\;ml/min{\cdot}g-catalyst$의 높은 수소발생속도를 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Reliability Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.362-370
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• 2006

차량의 충격과 진동을 완화하고 링크의 조정역할을 하는 Rubber Bushing제품의 내구성이 약하게 되면 Control arm에서의 이탈사고나 차량의 떨림, 소음으로 인한 고객 불만이 발생하게 된다. 따라서, 국내외 시장에서의 경쟁력 향상을 위해 Rubber Bushing에 대한 내구성, 정특성, 동특성의 개선을 위한 기술의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 Rubber Bushing을 개발하는데 있어서 종전의 재료설계, 형상설계 및 공정설계에 대한 분석을 행하고, 실험계획법(DOE)을 활용하여 가장 적은 샘플의 시험으로 최적의 설계요소를 찾아내는 방법을 연구하는데 있다. Bushing의 품질특성이 재료, 형상 및 공정에서 어떠한 조건을 가질 때 특성치가 가장 높은 바람직한 반응을 얻을 수 있는 가를 연구하여 최적반응 조건을 결정하고자 한다.