• Title/Summary/Keyword: 반응변화도

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Effect of Boron Content on Atomic Structure of Boron-bearing Multicomponent Oxide Glasses: A View from Solid-state NMR (비정질 소듐 보레이트와 붕소를 함유한 다성분계 규산염 용융체의 붕소의 함량에 따른 원자 구조에 대한 고상 핵자기 공명 분광분석 연구)

  • Lee, A Chim;Lee, Sung Keun
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.155-165
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    • 2016
  • Understanding the effect of boron content on atomic structures of boron-bearing multicomponent silicate melts is essential to reveal the atomistic origins of diverse geochemical processes involving silica-rich magmas, such as explosive volcanic eruption. The detailed atomic environments around B and Al in boron-bearing complex aluminosilicate glasses yield atomistic insights into reactivity of nuclear waste glasses in contact with aqueous solutions. We report experimental results on the effect of boron content on the atomic structures of sodium borate glasses and boron-bearing multicomponent silicate melts [malinkoite ($NaBSiO_4$)-nepheline ($NaAlSiO_4$) pseudo-binary glasses] using the high-resolution solid-state NMR ($^{11}B$ and $^{27}Al$). The $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectra of sodium borate glasses show that three-coodrinated boron ($^{[3]}B$) increases with increasing $B_2O_3$ content. While the spectra imply that the fraction of non-ring species decreases with decreasing boron content, peak position of the species is expected to vary with Na content. Therefore, the quantitative estimation of the fractions of the ring/non-ring species remains to be explored. The $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectra of the glasses in the malinkoite-nepheline join show that four-coordinated boron ($^{[4]}B$) increases as $X_{Ma}$ [$=NaBSiO_4/(NaBSiO_4+NaAlSiO_4)$] increases while $^{[3]}B$ decreases. $^{27}Al$ MAS NMR spectra of the multicomponent glasses confirm that four-coordinated aluminum ($^{[4]}Al$) is dominant. It is also observed that a drastic decrease in the peak widths (full-width at half-maximum, FWHM) of $^{[4]}Al$ with an addition of boron ($X_{Ma}=0.25$) in nepheline glasses. This indicates a decrease in structural and topological disorder around $^{[4]}Al$ in the glasses with increasing boron content. The quantitative atomic environments around boron of both binary and multicomponent glasses were estimated from the simulation results of $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectra, revealing complex-nonlinear variation of boron topology with varying composition. The current results can be potentially used to account for the structural origins of the change in macroscopic properties of boron-bearing oxide melts with varying boron content.

Pigment Stability of Lavers Porhyra tenera Kjellman during Processing and Storage (김의 가공 저장중에 있어서의 색소의 안정도)

  • LEE Kang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.105-133
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    • 1969
  • The stability of three major pigments in lavers, namely chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phy-cobilins, during processing and storage was studied. The results of the pigment retention in fresh lavers during storage at low temperatures, of heat lability during heat treatment, and of the pigment loss during storage are summarized as follows: 1. The contents of chlorophyll a, xanthophyll (lutein+zeaxanthin), and carotene ($\alpha-+\beta-carotene$) averaged 1,525, 627, and $409{\mu}g/g$ of dry samples respectively The comparative composition of four carotenoids, lutein, $\beta-carotene$, zeaxanthin, and $\alpha-carotene$, was 35.9, 33.7, 12.2, and $5.8\%$ respectively. 2. In storage of fresh lavers at room ternperature ($20-25^{\circ}C$), 2 to $5^{\circ}C$, and $-15^{\circ}C$, the pigments generally were retained more at 2 to $5^{\circ}C$ than others while carotene only showed more retention at $-15^{\circ}C$ than at 2 to $5^{\circ}C$. Phycocyanin tended to decrease more rapidly than phyco-erythrin at low temperatures. 3. In regard to heat treatment of both dried and wet materials at 40, 60, 80, $100^{\circ}C$ respectively, the pigments were more stable at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures in both cases of materials. Carotenoids were retained more in wet materials than in the sun dried. Xanthophylls showed higher heat stability than carotenes. Phycoerythrin was considered more heat labile than phycocyanin, particularly at higher temperatures. 4. In storage of heat treated lavers for 50 days at room temperature, the retention of pigments appeared differently in accordance with the temperatures of treatment The materials treated at $60^{\circ}C$ showed better relention of pigments than those treated at the other temperatures. Degradation rate of xanthopllylls, carotenes, and phycobilins was decreased in the materials treated at higher temperatures, showing a tendency of great pigment retention even for a long period storage. Chlorophyll il was retained more in sun dried materials whereas xanthophyll and carotene were retained more in the wet. 5. In order to maintain a higher pigment stability during storage, the materials must be treated at $60^{\circ}C$ in a dryer with rapid ventilation until the moisture level reaches about $6.0\%$. In case of treatment at a higher temperature than $60^{\circ}C$, they must be treated for a short period of time to minimize pigment degradation by heat. 6. The lavers treated with the solutions of pH around 7.8 showed a higher retention of chlorophyll a. When treated with the solutions of algal extracts such as agar and alginic acid, uniform layer of laver sheets and better surface gloss of dried layers were obtained.

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Characteristics of Chlorination Byproducts Formation of Urinary Organic Compounds (뇨 성분에서의 염소 소독부산물 생성 특성)

  • Seo, In-Sook;Son, Hee-Jong;Ahn, Wook-Sung;You, Sun-Jae;Bae, Sang-Dae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.286-292
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to analyze and determine the formation potential of chlorination DBPs from seven urinary compounds with or without Br$^-$. Three of seven components were kynurenine, indole and uracil that were relatively shown high the formation potential of chlorination DBPs concentrations. The reported results of THMs/DOC with or without Br$^-$ in kynurenine showed that THMs/DOC was detected 86.9 $\mu$g/mg when Br$^-$ was not added, and THMs/DOC was detected 100.8 $\mu$g/mg when Br$^-$ was presented. In indole, THMs/DOC was increased from 6.58 $\mu$g/mg to 31.4 $\mu$g/mg when Br$^-$ was added. Moreover, among them, the highest, second-highest and third-highest HAAs/DOC were shown in kynurenine, uracil and indole respectively. Specially, HAAs/DOC was significantly deceased in kynurenine and indole when Br$^-$ was presented. This was a totally different phenomenon for THMs/DOC. TCAA was dominated in HAAs for kynurenine and indole, and DCAA was also dominated in HAAs for uracil. The highest formation of HANs/DOC was shown in kynurenine whether or not Br$^-$ presented, and DCAN was predominant in HANs. HANs was not formed by chlorination in uracil. In addition, the formation of CH/DOC was relatively low in kynurenine and indole. The formation of CH/DOC was specially high(1,270 $\mu$g/mg) in uracil when Br$^-$ was not added. The formation of CH/DOC was 1,027 $\mu$g/mg in uracil when Br$^-$ was added. The formations of THMs and HAAs were also investigated in kynurenine, indole and uracil when Br$^-$ was presented or not. The formation of THMs/DOC was higher in kynurenine and indole when Br$^-$ was presented. The formation of HAAs/DOC was reduced in kynurenine when Br$^-$ was added. The result could be attributed to higher formation of THMs/DOC in kynurenine when Br$^-$ was added. The formation of HAAs/DOC was also reduced in indole when Br$^-$ was added. To the contrary, this result was not attributed to higher formation of THMs/DOC in indole when Br$^-$ was added.

Growth Response and Nutrient Content of Cowpea Sprouts Based on Growth Temperature and Genetic Resources (재배온도 및 유전자원에 따른 동부나물 생장반응 및 영양성분 변화)

  • Kim, Dong-Kwan;Kim, Young-Min;Chon, Sang-Uk;Rim, Yo-Sup;Choi, Jin-Gyung;Kwon, Oh-Do;Park, Heung-Gyu;Shin, Hae-Ryong;Choi, Kyeong-Ju
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.59 no.3
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    • pp.332-340
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal growth temperature and to select genetic resources for production of cowpea sprouts. Seowon was treated between $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ at intervals of $3^{\circ}C$ to investigate growth temperature. Twelve resources, including Seowon, IT154149, IT154153, Tvu7426, and Tvu7778, were used for cultivating sprouts at a temperature of $27^{\circ}C$. The yield ratio of cowpea sprouts was highest at $27^{\circ}C$ (657%), and was reduced when growth temperature was decreased. The hard seed rate was lower when the growth temperature was increased. Vitamin C content was highest at $24^{\circ}C$ (2.85 mg/g), ranged between 2.15 and 2.29 mg/g at other growth temperatures, and increased with the length of the growth period. The inorganic component content of cowpea sprouts did not vary based on growth temperature, while the amino acid content increased with increasing growth temperature between $15^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$, and then subsequently decreased as growth temperature rose from $24^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. IT154153 had the highest yield ratio of cowpea sprouts per genetic resource (647%), followed by Seowon (615%), and Tvu7426 (608%). Genetic resources with a higher yield ratio had smaller seeds, a thinner seed coat, and superior germinability. The inorganic components found at highest concentrations in the cowpea sprouts were potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, molybdenum, and zinc (in that order). In comparison to raw seeds, the protein, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, and iron content in the cowpea sprouts was higher, while the content of aluminum and boron was lower.

The Case Study of Emotional Marketing by Visual Design (감성디자인을 통한 감성마케팅의 실증적 사례 연구 - 마블 프라이팬 사례 조사를 통한 -)

  • Kang, Bum-Kyu;Go, Jung-Wook;Ye, Min-Ju
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.355-366
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    • 2007
  • The human's emotion has been used as a key factor in the design area and a marketing technique in a company. Therefore, a company is very interesting in human' emotional factor for the marketing and the design development recently. There have been very few studies carried out on enhancing how to use the emotional design and the emotional marketing in the kitchenware industry. Besides, almost all of the research works, which attempted to encourage how to use emotional factor for the design and the marketing, was carried out in the theory research level rather than a practical research. This research has been conducted both a qualitative research and a quantitative research in the field. The research methods were as follows; first, this research studied what is the emotional design and the emotional marketing through the previous literature research works. second, the researchers set up the hypothesis and research aims through the previous empirical research works from the researchers who are doing this research. Third, as the main body of this research, this research was conducted through the analysis of companies' data, the data come from the interviews by managers, and the data from questionnaire by the users. The results was produced after analyses of the above all the data. As a results, this research has introduced the successful case study which used the emotional design concept and the emotional marketing as a strategic level in the kitchenware industry. This research results would be able to help some one who wants to use the emotional design as a strategic level in order to increase their market share.

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Monitoring Ground-level SO2 Concentrations Based on a Stacking Ensemble Approach Using Satellite Data and Numerical Models (위성 자료와 수치모델 자료를 활용한 스태킹 앙상블 기반 SO2 지상농도 추정)

  • Choi, Hyunyoung;Kang, Yoojin;Im, Jungho;Shin, Minso;Park, Seohui;Kim, Sang-Min
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.36 no.5_3
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    • pp.1053-1066
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    • 2020
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is primarily released through industrial, residential, and transportation activities, and creates secondary air pollutants through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Long-term exposure to SO2 can result in a negative effect on the human body causing respiratory or cardiovascular disease, which makes the effective and continuous monitoring of SO2 crucial. In South Korea, SO2 monitoring at ground stations has been performed, but this does not provide spatially continuous information of SO2 concentrations. Thus, this research estimated spatially continuous ground-level SO2 concentrations at 1 km resolution over South Korea through the synergistic use of satellite data and numerical models. A stacking ensemble approach, fusing multiple machine learning algorithms at two levels (i.e., base and meta), was adopted for ground-level SO2 estimation using data from January 2015 to April 2019. Random forest and extreme gradient boosting were used as based models and multiple linear regression was adopted for the meta-model. The cross-validation results showed that the meta-model produced the improved performance by 25% compared to the base models, resulting in the correlation coefficient of 0.48 and root-mean-square-error of 0.0032 ppm. In addition, the temporal transferability of the approach was evaluated for one-year data which were not used in the model development. The spatial distribution of ground-level SO2 concentrations based on the proposed model agreed with the general seasonality of SO2 and the temporal patterns of emission sources.

Preliminary Result in Patients with Primary Hepatoma Treated by Stereotactic Radiotherapy (원발성 간암에 대한 정위방사선치료의 예비결과)

  • Kang Ki Mun;Choi Ihl Bohng;Kim In Ah;Choi Byung Ock;Kang Young Nam;Chai Gyu Young;Han Sung Tae;Chung Gyu Won
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.34-39
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    • 2001
  • Purpose : It is not common to evaluate the response of the fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) to primary hepatoma as compared with conventional radiotherapy. The purpose of the study was to take the preliminary result on the clinical trial of primary hepatoma by SRT. Materials and Methods : From July 1999 to March 2000, thirty three patients were hospitalized in the St. Mary's Hospital, and treated with SRT for extracranial tumors. Among them, 13 patients were diagnosed to primary hepatoma and then applied by frameless SRT using 6 MV linac accelerator. There were 12 male and 1 female patients. They had the age of $ 44\~66$ year old (median : 59) and the tumor size of $10\~825\;cc$ (median : 185 cc). SRT was given to them $3\~5$ fractions a week (5 Gy/fraction, $90\%$ isodose line) for $2\~3$ weeks. Median dose of SRT was 50 Gy and the range was $30\~50\;Gy$. Results : Follow-up period ranged from 3 months to 13 months with median of 8 months. After treating SRT to thirteen patients with primary hepatoma, the response of the tumor was examined by abdominal CT : they are classified by 1 complete regression $(7.7\%)$, 7 partial regression $(53.8\%)$, 4 minimal regression $(30.8\%)$, 1 stable disease $(7.7\%)$. The positive responses more than partial remission were 8 patients $(61.5\%)$ after the treatment. The level of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) after the treatment as compared with pretreatment had been $92.3\%$ decreased. There was no severe complication except dyspepsia $84.6\%$, mild nausea $69.2\%$, transient decreased of hepatic function $15.4\%$ and fever $7.7\%$. Conclusion : SRT to the patients with primary hepatoma was potentially suggested to become the safe and more effective tool than the conventional radiotherapy even though there were relatively short duration of follow-up and small numbers to be tested.

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Regulatory Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines Secretion and Hypoxia-inducible $Factor-1{\alpha}$ Activation by Panax ginseng (인삼의 염증성 사이토카인 분비 및 저산소 유도인자-1${\alpha}$ 활성화 조절 효과)

  • Zo, Chul-Won;Lee, Seung-Hee;Kim, Dong-Woung;Lee, Seong-Kyun;Song, Bong-Keun
    • The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.864-878
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    • 2006
  • Purpose : Panax ginseng(PG) is considered to have salutary effects and stimulant actions on physical capacity. However, the effects of PG on the inflammatory cytokine secretion and hypoxia condition are still not understood. This study wasto elucidate the effect of PG on inflammatory cytokine secretion such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. Also, the effects on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) were measured. Methods : The water extract of PG was administrated to HMC-1 cells before phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)+A23187 treatment. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, GM-CSF, and VEGF secretion were measured by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HIF-1 activation was measured by transcription factor enzyme-linked immunoassay (TF-EIA) Results : PG significantly decreased secretion of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and GM-CSF in PMA+A23187-induced HMC-1 cells. VEGF secretion was not changed but HIF-1 activation was decreased by the treatment of PG. Conclusions : PG inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, which impliesPG might contribute to treatment of mast cell-mediated inflammatory disease. Also, PG inhibited PMA+A23187-induced $HIF -1{\alpha}activation}$ and DNA-binding activity for HIF-1. Therefore, these data demonstrate that PG modulates inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of $HIF-1{\alpha}activation}$ activation.

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Epidemiological Pattern of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia from 1993 Through 2002 and Clinical Characteristics during Recent Five Years (10년간(1993~2002) Mycoplasma 폐렴의 역학적 양상과 최근 5년간 Mycoplasma 폐렴의 임상소견에 대한 고찰)

  • Oh, Kyung-Chang;Yoo, Jung-Suk;Ahn, Seung-In;Kim, Bong-Rim;Kim, Sung-Seob;Kim, Yeon-Ho;Chang, Jin-Keun;Cha, Sung-Ho
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.101-111
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    • 2004
  • Purpose : This study was performed to observe the epidemiological pattern of M. pneumoniae pneumonia during the period from 1993 to 2002 and also to see some clinical characteristics of M. pneumoniae pneumonia during recent five years. Methods : We had performed a retrospective analysis of epidemiological pattern of occurrence in 682 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia admitted to Department of Pediatrics of Han-il General Hospital from January, 1993 to December, 2002. Results : The annual ratio of M. pneumoniae pneumonia was compared with the total numbers of respiratory tract infection patients. The ratios were 19.1% in 1993, 13.0% in 1994, 5.6% in 1995, 12.8% in 1996, 18.6% in 1997, 22.6% in 1998, 1.1% in 1999, 13.3% in 2000, 9.1% in 2001, 6.0% in 2002, and 19.9% in 2003. The epidemics have occurred in 1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2003 years showing 3~4 year intervals. The peak incidence of age was four to six years old(286 cases; 41.9%) and male-to-female ratio was 1 : 1.1. Monthly distribution showed a high frequency from August to December and the major outbreak occurred in November(119 cases; 17.4%), in October(106 cases; 15.5%), and in December(96 cases; 14.1%) in order of frequency. The most common symptoms were cough (660 cases; 96.8%), fever(569 cases; 83.4%), and sputum(522 cases; 76.5%) in that order. Leukocytosis was observed in 31.2% of patients based on a normal range according to the adjusted age. Increased ESR(${\geq}20mm/hr$) was noted in 42.5% of cases and CRP was positive in 37.8% of cases. On the chest X-ray examination, pulmonary infiltration was noted in 557 cases(81.7%), and the patterns of pneumonic infiltration were bronchopneumonia(78.0%), lobar(35.5%), lobular(19.2%), and interstitial pneumonia(28.7%). Complications were paranasal sinusitis(41 cases), acute otitis media(23 cases), pleural effusion(19 cases). cervical lymphadenitis(18 cases), and glomerulonephritis(1 case). Conclusion : The pattern of M. pneumoniae pneumonia from 1997 to 2003 noted 3~4 year interval with peak monthly distribution of October and November compared with 3 year interval and peak incidence of summer period before 1996.

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Seasonal Distribution of T Serotyping and emm Genotyping of Group A Streptococci Obtained from Children with Streptococcal Infections in Masan, Korea, 2003~2004 (2003~2004년 경남 마산 지역에서 분리된 A군 연쇄구균의 T 혈청형과 emm 유전자형의 계절별 분포)

  • Jeon, Ho-Sang;Park, Hwa-Jin;Lee, Hee-Joo;Ma, Sang-Hyuk;Cha, Sung-Ho
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.52-60
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : The aim of this study is to know seasonal distribution of group A streptococci obtained from one center using emm genotyping and T serotyping in Masan from 2003 through 2004. Methods : Among children who visited the Changwon Fatima Hospital at Masan, Korea from June 2003 through February 2004, 100 patients who had clinical findings of acute pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and cellulitis were confirmed as GAS by culture, and were enrolled in our study. All obtained GAS were sent to the WHO Collaborative Center for Reference and Research on Streptococci, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis for T serotyping and emm genotyping. We classified these results again according to seasonal and disease's entities. Results : 19 different T serotypes was typed. T4(27.5%), T1(17.6%), T6(13.7%), and T12(13.7%) serotypes were relatively common in summer, while T4(28.3%), T12(15.2%), and T12/B3264(8.7%) were common in winter. T4 and T12 were persistent all year around. Distribution of T serotypes in 89 patients with pharyngotonsillitis were T4(26.7%), T12(14.0%), T1(12.8%), and T6(11.6%) in order of frequency. 15 different emm genotypes was typed. The number of emm 1, emm 6, emm 9, and emm 44 genotypes decreased or disappeared in winter, and the number of emm 3, emm 12, and emm 89 genotypes increased or reappeared in winter. Conclusion : Because T serotyping and emm genotyping are useful tools for evaluating epidemiology and pathogenesis of group A streptococci, we should monitor these strains every year, and should serotype and genotype GAS obtained from the invasive streptococcal infections.

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