• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.59-67
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• 2016

Concrete is a very useful construction material for the sealing disposal of hazardous substances. In general, mass concrete is applied to these structures. And, the mineral admixtures are recommended for the long term performance. Calcium leaching could be happened due to the contact with pure water in underground structures. Thus, it is needed to evaluate the resistance of calcium leaching for concrete mixed with mineral admixtures. From the test results, the mineral admixtures are effective to the improvement of long term compressive strength and chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete members. When calcium leaching is happened, however, the reduction of compressive strength and chloride penetration resistance is severe than OPC case, the micro pore distribution is adversely affected. Consequently, when the mineral admixtures are applied to underground structures which is exposed to calcium leaching environment, it is desirable to reduce water-to-binder ratio, to expose after the sufficient pozolanic reaction, and to use BFS than FA.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2000

최근, 제지산업에 있어서 종이의 경량화 연구는 원료 절감, 에너지 절감 등의 주 효과와 운송비 절감을 비롯한 부차적인 효과가 크기 때문에 앞으로도 활발히 추진 될 것으로 전망 된다. 그러나 이러한 경량화는 종이의 광학적 특성인 불투명도와 물리적 특성인 강도 저하 를 필연적으로 가져오게 한다. 특히 인쇄 및 필기용지의 경우 종이의 불투명도 저하는 인쇄 시 인쇄화상 뒤비침 현상으로 인하여 치명적인 악 영향을 초래한다. 종이의 불투명도를 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 가장 보편적인 방법은 충전제를 가능한 범 위내에서 많이 첨가시키는 것이다. 그러나 이 방법은 불투명도는 향상이 가능하나 미세분의 다량 발생에 의한 초지공정의 보류 및 폐수 문제, 종이의 강도 저하 문제를 야기 시킨다. 따라서 본 연구는 종이의 경량화에 수반되는 불투명도, 강도 문제의 지료 영향 인자인 섬유, 종이구조 및 충전제의 특성 등을 검토하여 보다 효율적인 지료조성 대책을 제시하고 충전제 첨가법을 개선하여 보류율을 향상시키고, 종이의 강도 감소율을 최소화하면서 불투 명도를 향상시킬 수 있는 효율적인 방법을 제시하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 구체적인 방법으로서는 펄프 및 충전물의 종류에 따른 종이의 물성과 불투명도의 변화를 관찰하였으며 또한 충전물의 충전시, 충전물의 보류를 향상시키면서 섬유간의 결합 방해를 최소화 시켜 종이의 본래 강도를 유지시키는 Fiber Loading의 새로운 방법인 Beater L Loading법을 시도하였다. 본 연구의 결과 수종간의 차이는 있었지만 활엽수 펄프가 칩엽수 펄프에 비해 불투명도 및 백색도 등의 광학적 성질이 우수한 것으로 나타나 펄프 종류및 수종의 적절한 선택에 의 하여 종이의 광학적 성질을 어느 정도 높일 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 충전물을 Beater Loading에 의해 첨가하였을 경우가 일반적인 Loading보다 보류 율이 좋았고 종이의 불투명도와 강도도 높게 나타났었다. 이러한 실험결과로 보아 일반적인 Loading 방법보다 Beater Loading법이 강도의 손실없이 불투명도를 높일 수 있는 효과적인 수단이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.171-171
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• 2013

2층 FCCL (연성회로기판, Flexible Copper Clad Laminate)에 있어서 폴리이미드 필름과 구리의 접착력을 향상 시키기 위해 기존에 사용되고 있는 Ni-Cr대신 박리강도가 높고 에칭성도 매우 뛰어난 Ni-Mo-Nb 박막을 Roll-to roll 스퍼터 장비를 이용하여 개발하였다. 새롭게 개발된 Ni-Mo-Nb 박막은 기존 연구되어진 Ni-Cr 물질 대비 고온 박리강도 약 1.5~2.0배, 에칭성 8배 이상의 매우 우수한 특성을 보였다. Ni-Mo-Nb 접착층의 두께가 7~40 nm로 증가함에 따라 상온 박리강도가 향상 되는 것을 확인하였다. Ni-Mo-Nb 박막을 증착 하기 전 폴리이미드 기판표면을 RF 플라즈마 전처리 하였을 때 0.67 kg f/cm의 우수한 상온 박리강도를 나타내었으며 FCCL 샘플을 $150^{\circ}C$에서 168시간동안 열처리 한 후 접착력을 측정하였을 때도 0.54 kg f/cm의 높은 고온 박리강도를 보였다. FCCL의 박리강도, 표면 거칠기, 원소들의 화학적 결합, 박막의 미세구조를 peel test, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy를 이용하여 폴리이미드 기판 플라즈마 전처리 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과 플라즈마 전처리를 한 폴리이미드 기판의 경우 처리하지 않은 기판보다 상온과 고온에서 더 우수한 접착력을 가지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었는데 이것은 폴리이미드 기판의 표면 거칠기 증가에 의한 mechanical interlocking effect가 아닌 전처리를 통한 폴리이미드 표면 개질로 C-0, C-N와 같은 chemical functional group이 증가했기 때문인 것으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2022

The present study assessed the micro structure and durability characteristics of ternary blended cement with different types of alkali activators. Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS) and ferronickel slag(FNS) was replaced until 50 % of the weight of cement. In addition, potassuim hydroxide and sodium hydroxide were used for comparing the properties of different type of alkali activator. Ternary blended cement with alkali activators showed higher peak portlandite peak than that of OPC(Ordinary Portlande Cement) and non activated ternary blended cement. Also, there was no new hydration products in ternary blended cement or/and alkali activators. Based on the mercury intrustion porosimetry(MIP) test result, ternary blended cement increased macro pore while alkali activated ternary blended cement modified pore structure and increased microp pore as compared to OPC as control. Combination with alkali activators is desirable to enhance the compressive strength and freeze thaw resistance.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.505-512
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• 1998

In this study, two-layer thermal barrier coatings composed of plasma sprayed 0.3mm $ZrO_2(8wt% Y_2o_3)$ ceramic coating layer and O.lmm $NiCrAlCoY_20_3$ bond coating layer on AISI 316 were investigated microstructure of the coating, oxidation of the metallic bond coating and adhesive strength to evaluate the durability of coating layer after cyclic and isothermal test at 90$0^{\circ}C$. And quantitative phase analysis of $ZrO_2(8wt% Y_2o_3)$ ceramic coating was performed as a function of thermal exposure time using XRD technique. The results showed that the amount of m - 2rO, phase in the coating was slightly increased with increasing thermal exposure time at 90$0^{\circ}C$. The c/a ratio of t' - $ZrO_2$ in the as-sprayed coating was 1.0099 and slightly increased to 1.0115 after 100 hours heat treatment. It was believed that $Y_2O_3$ in high yttria tetragonaJ(t') was transformed to low yttria tetragonaJ(t) by $Y_2O_3$ diffusion with increasing thermal exposure time. The adhesive strength was gradually decreased as thermal exposure time increased. After the isothermal test, the failure predominantly occured in ceramic coating layer. On the other hand. the specimens after cyclic thermal test were mostly failed at bond coating/ceramic coating interface. The failure was oeeured by decreasing the bond strength between bond coating and oxide scale which were formed by oxidation of the metallic elements within bond coating and by thermal stress due to thermal expansion mismatches between the oxide scale and ceramic coating.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 1996

In this study a model for the constitutive relation of a plane concrete is proposed using a micromechariical model. In this model a precursor crack is assumed to exist in the aggregate-cement paste interface, and the LEFM is used to predict the nucleation of the bond cracks and the grow th of mortar cracks. For computational convenience the bond crack-mortar crack configuration is transformed into a straight crack with a point force in the middle. 'The overall compliance and the cons,titutive relation are predicted from the damage due to microcracks, and the predicted stress-strain curves are compared with some experimental data. According to the results, the model predictions are better for under tensile loading than under compression, for high, strength concrete than for normal strength concrete.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.1066-1072
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• 1999

The physical properties of polymer concrete were investigated for development of high-performance construction materials. Various specimens of polymer concrete were prepared using unsaturated polyester resin as the polymer-binder with the various dosage of calcium carbonate as microfiller (5~20 wt %) and fine aggregate(10~50 wt %). For the evaluation of the physical properties of polymer concretes, tests such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption test, hot water immersion test, acid resistance test and pore size distribution analysis were conducted. As a result, it is concluded that compressive and flexural strengths of polymer concretes increased up to 4 times than those of conventional cement concrete. Whereas the compressive and flexural strengths of polymer concretes tested after hot water immersion, compared with those of polymer concretes tested before hot water immersion, decreased about 67%, 47%, respectively. By hot water immersion, total pore volume and porosity(%) of polymer concretes were remarkable increased due to decomposition of polymer binder. And also, it is showed that water absorption(%) and weight loss(%) of polymer concrete specimens by acid immersion, compared with those of ordinary portland cement concrete, decreased about 1/100, 1/27, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial saliva contamination and decontamination procedures at different stages of a bonding procedure on the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of two one-step self-etch adhesives and a two-step total-etch adhesive to dentin of primary teeth. Forty-two extracted sound primary molars were randomly divided into three groups depending on three adhesives, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU), All-Bond Universal (ABU) and Prime & Bond NT (PNT). For each adhesive, the teeth were allocated into seven groups. Except for control group, group 1, the groups were contaminated with artificial saliva at three different stages: the groups 2 and 3 - before adhesive application; the groups 4 and 5 - before adhesive polymerization; the groups 6 and 7 - after adhesive polymerization. Decontaminating procedures were rinsing, air-drying (group 2, 4, 6) and air-drying (group 3, 5, 7). The specimens were restored with composite resin (Filtek, Z350) and microtensile bond strength was measured. The data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). In the control group, using PNT resulted in significantly higher bond strength than when ABU and SBU were used (p < 0.001). For three adhesives, the groups 2, 4 and 6 had greater bond strength than the groups 3, 5 and 7. Also, when the artificial saliva was contaminated before adhesive polymerization (group 4, 5), it showed a significantly lower bond strength. Generally the two-step total-etch adhesive generated a higher bond strength than the one-step self-etch adhesive. Artificial saliva contamination before adhesive polymerization led to a drastic decrease in bond strength, and rinsing with water followed by air-drying could not recover the bond strength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2012.06a
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• pp.173-173
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• 2012

Duplex STS는 응력부식 저항이 큰 페라이트상과 우수한 내식성을 제공하는 오스테나이트상이 미세하게 1:1로 결합하여 강도가 오스테나이트 STS 보다 최소 1.7배 이상 높을 뿐 아니라 공식(pitting)과 응력부식 저항성이 우수해 최근에 주목받고 있는 고내식 고강도 재료이다. STS의 내식성을 평가하는 여러 지수 중 Pitting에 대한 내식성을 평가하는 지수로서 PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number)이 있다. PREN =%Cr + 3.3%(Mo + 0.5%W) + 16%N PREN이 30 이상이면 해안지역에서 사용가능하나, PREN이 40 이상인 경우에는 원자력발전소, 탈황 설비, 해수설비 및 화학Plant 등 고내식 환경에서 주로 사용가능하다. PREN이 40 이상인 Super Duplex STS은 다량의 Mo와 N을 첨가하여 만든 제품으로, 최근 10여 년 동안 해수 냉각 설비, 해수 담수화 설비, 탈황 설비, 석유화학 설비 및 원전용 CASK 등의 다양한 분야에 그 사용량이 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 Super Duplex STS의 TIG용접에서 실드가스 중의 $N_2$의 첨가가 PREN에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 실드가스 중 $N_2$가 용접금속으로 침입하는 메커니즘을 규명하고, 용접조건 변화에 따른 용접금속 내 N의 함량을 측정하여 PREN을 계산하고, 용접금속의 기계적 특성과 미세조직을 검토하였다.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2004

This paper propose a method that controls facial expression of 3D avatar by having the user select a sequence of facial expressions in the space of facial expressions. And we setup its system. The space of expression is created from about 2400 frames consist of motion captured data of facial expressions. To represent the state of each expression, we use the distance matrix that represents the distances between pairs of feature points on the face. The set of distance matrices is used as the space of expressions. But this space is not such a space where one state can go to another state via the straight trajectory between them. We derive trajectories between two states from the captured set of expressions in an approximate manner. First, two states are regarded adjacent if the distance between their distance matrices is below a given threshold. Any two states are considered to have a trajectory between them If there is a sequence of adjacent states between them. It is assumed . that one states goes to another state via the shortest trajectory between them. The shortest trajectories are found by dynamic programming. The space of facial expressions, as the set of distance matrices, is multidimensional. Facial expression of 3D avatar Is controled in real time as the user navigates the space. To help this process, we visualized the space of expressions in 2D space by using the multidimensional scaling(MDS). To see how effective this system is, we had users control facial expressions of 3D avatar by using the system. As a result of that, users estimate that system is very useful to control facial expression of 3D avatar in real-time.