• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.245-263
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• 1993

신경성장인자 수용체(nerve growth factor receptor, HGFr)의 소재를 휜쥐 전뇌 기저부 핵들의 신경세포와 그 세포내 소기 관에서 연역세포화학적 방법으로 관찰하였다. NGFr에 면역반응을 보이는 신경세포들은 내측중격, 수직 및 수평대각선 브로카대, 거대세포 시삭전핵 그리고 Meynert 기저핵에는 다수 미상핵-피각과 복부담창구에는 소수 관찰 되었다 NGFr에 면역반응을 보이는 신경세포들은 형태학적으로 3가지 형 즉, 1) 난형(또는 원형). 2) 방추형, 3) 삼각형(또는 다각형)으로 구분되었다 내측중격은 주로 난형의 세포로 구성되었으며(91.2%), 수직 및 수평대각선 브로카대, 거대세포 시삭전핵 및 Meynert 기저 핵에는 난형의 세포가 높은 율로 구성되었으나, 방추형과 삼각형 세포들도 내측중격에서보다는 많았다 특히 복부담창구에는 다른 핵들에 비하여 방추형세포(25%)들이 높은 출현율을 보였다 일반적으로 이들 세포의 크기는 삼각형세포가 제일 컸으며, 방추형세포가 그 다음, 그리고 난형 세포가 제일 작았다 전자현미경적 관찰에서 0.05% triton X-100을 처리한 조직중 Meynert 기저핵을 관찰한 결과. Golgi체, multivesicular body 및 소포체들이 N6Fr에 면역반응을 보였으며. trion X-100을 처리하지 않은 조직에서는 단지 수평대각선 브로카대의 신경세포 원형질 막에서만 약한 면역반응을 보였다 위의 결과로 미루어 NGFr은 조연소포체에서 합성되어. Golgi체에서 농축되고, multivesicular body를 통하여 원형질막에 위치하게 되며, 원형질막에서 NGFr은 외래성의 NGF와 복합체를 형성한후, 궁극적으로는 Iysosome의 형태로 세포체 안으로 들어 가는 것으로 추정된다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the appropriateness of gustatory features in product design affect product evaluation and accompanied response by using functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). Through the pilot survey, we categorized the product designs into two groups based on the level of the appropriateness. The total of 40 product designs were selected as the experimental stimuli. 15 right-handed participants(mean age = 23.33, SD = 1.7) were scanned with 3T MRI machine(ISOL Tech, Oxford OR63). The experimental stimuli were passively presented inside the scanner. In post scanning session, participants were asked to measure their preference and buying intention to the product designs. The results show that both the preference and buying intention were significantly higher for the high appropriateness condition compared to those of low appropriateness designs. Caudate nucleus and putamen, areas related to the positive reward such as monetary acquisition showed greater activation in response to the designs of high appropriateness condition, compared to the low appropriateness designs.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2011

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess variations in caudate volume according to dopamin receptor D2/ankyin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) Taq 1a polymorphisms in young healthy adults and to evaluate the relationship between caudate volumes and psychiatric symptoms as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Methods Genetic information regarding DRD2/ANKK1 Taq 1a and T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images were acquired from 30 young healthy adults. Automatic segmentation of caudate was performed using the FreeSurfer program. Results Individuals with A2 homozygotes of DRD2/ANKK1 Taq 1a polymorphisms (n = 10) had greater right caudate volumes compared to those with A1 allele (s)(18.4% greater ; p = 0.019). Right caudate volumes were negatively associated with total scores of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (${\beta}$=-0.50 ; p = 0.016). Conclusions Our findings suggest the possibility that DRD2/ANKK1 Taq 1a polymorphisms may underlie the psychiatric symptoms by influencing the structure of the right caudate.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the discriminating nature of $^{123}I-FP-CIT$ SPECT in patients with parkinsonism. Methods: $^{123}I-FP-CIT$ SPECT images acquired from the 18 normal controls; NC ($60.4{\pm}10.0$ yr) and 237 patients with parkinsonism ($65.9{\pm}9.2$ yr) were analyzed. From spatialIy normalized images, regional counts of the caudate, putamen, and occipital lobe were obtained using region of interest method. Binding potential (BP) was calculated with the ratio of specific to nonspecific binding activity at equilibrium. Additionally, the BP ratio of putamen to caudate (PCR) and asymmetric Index (ASI) were measured. Results: BPs of NC $3.37{\pm}0.57,\; 3.10{\pm}0.41,\; 3.23{\pm}0.48$ for caudate, putamen, whole striatum, respectively) had no significant difference with those of essential tremor; ET ($3.31{\pm}0.64,\; 3.06{\pm}0.61,\; 3.14{\pm}0.63$) and Alzheimer's disease; AD (3.33 $\pm$0.60, 3.29$\pm$0.79, 3.31$\pm$0.70), but were higher than those of Parkinson's disease; PD (1.92$\pm$0.74, 1.39$\pm$0.68, 1.64$\pm$0.68), multiple system atrophy; MSA (2.36$\pm$1.07, 2.16$\pm$0.91, 2.26$\pm$0.96), and dementia with Lewy body; DLB (1.95$\pm$0.72, 1.64$\pm$0.65, 1.79$\pm$0.66)(p<0.005). PD had statisticalIy lower values of PER and higher values of ASI than those of NC (p<0.005). And PD had significantIy lower value of PCR, higher ASI and lower BP in the putamen and whole striatum than MSA (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dopamine transporter image of $^{123}I-FP-CIT$ SPECT was a good value in differential diagnosis of parkinsonism.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate brain activation pattern and functional connectivity during convergence thinking based creative problem solving and chemistry problem solving to identify characteristic convergence thinking that is backbone of creative problem solving using functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). A fMRI paradaigm inducing convergence thinking and chemistry problem solving was developed and adjusted on 17 highschool students, and brain activation image during task was analyzed. According to the results, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precuneus and caudate nucleus body in left hemisphere and cuneus and caudate nucleus body in right hemisphere were significantly activated during convergence thinking. The other hand, middle frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus and caudate nucleus in left hemisphere and middle frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, caudate nucleus, thalamus and culmen of cerebellum in right hemisphere were significantly activated during chemistry problem solving. As results of analysis functional connectivity, all of areas activated during convergence thinking were functionaly connected, whereas scanty connectivity of chemistry problem solving between right middle frontal gyrus, bilateral nucleus caudate tail and culmen. The results show that logical thinking, working memory, planning, imaging, languge based thinking and learning motivation were induced during convergence thinking and these functions and regions were synchronized intimately. Whereas, logical thinking and inducing learning motivation functioning during chemistry problem solving were not synchronized. These results provide concrete information about convergence thinking.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to investigate the changes of enzyme activities resulted from low concentrated carbon monoxide poisoning on the caudate nucleus in rat. The activities of cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydragenase were observed histochemically, after the experimental animals were poisoned to 100ppm carbon monoxide for 8 hours every day from one day to 16 days. The materials were sliced from coronal section at the level of the optic chiasm and immediately frozen sections of $10{\mu}m$ thickness were cut on the cryostat at $-15^{\circ}C$ and incubated in the medium containing substrate for histochemical detection of cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The sections were mounted in glycerol gelatin and observed under light microscope. It was obtained that cytochrome oxidase activity decreased moderately and succinate dehydrogenase activity showed marked or moderate activity during entire poisoning period and lactate dehydrogenase activity showed marked or moderate activity from one to 8 days but recovered to normal condition at 16th day.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2002

목적： I-123 IPT SPECT에서 striatum에 ROI를 설정하여 Strial Binding Ratio를 측정하기 위해 사용되는 육안적인 방법과 MR Template based Coregistration 방법을 비교 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법： 파킨슨씨병 환자(IPD) 15명(남/녀：8/7, 63.3$\pm$4.8세)과 정상인 8명(남/녀：2/6, 61.4$\pm$16.5세) 에서 I-123 IPT(259MBq)를 주사한 후 2시간에 SPECT 영상을 얻었고 미상핵과 조가비핵의 전, 후부 및 후두엽에 각각 육안적인 방법과 MR Template based Coregistration방법으로 ROI를 설정하였다. MR Template based Coregistration 방법은 MNI TIMR template을 이용하여 SPECT영상을 voxel based intensity matching 방법으로 coregistration한 후midthalamic level에서 striatum의 경계를 따라 설정된 ROI를 이용하였다. 육안적인 방법은 striatal uptake가 가장 높은 level에서 3개의 ROI template를 striatum에 위치하였다. 두 방법으로 SBR과 nnterior/posterior ratio of SBR(APR)를 측정하였고 정상인과 파킨슨씨병 환자에서 두 방법을 비교하였다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2009

Purpose: We investigated quantification of dopaminergic transporter (DAT) and serotonergic transporter (SERT) on $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT for differentiating between multiple systemic atrophy (MSA) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Materials and Methods: N-fluoropropyl-$2{\beta}$-carbomethoxy-$3{\beta}$-4-[$^{123}I$]-iodophenylnortropane SPECT ($^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT) was performed in 8 patients with MSA (mean age: $64.0{\pm}4.5yrs$, m:f=6:2), 13 with early IPD (mean age: $65.5{\pm}5.3yrs$, m:f=9:4), and 12 healthy controls (mean age: $63.3{\pm}5.7yrs$, m:f=8:4). Standard regions of interests (ROls) of striatum to evaluate DAT, and hypothalamus and midbrain for SERT were drawn on standard template images and applied to each image taken 4 hours after radiotracer injection. Striatal specific binding for DAT and hypothalamic and midbrain specific binding for SERT were calculated using region/reference ratio based on the transient equilibrium method. Group differences were tested using ANOVA with the postHoc analysis. Results: DAT in the whole striatum and striatal subregions were significantly decreased in both patient groups with MSA and early IPD, compared with healthy control (p<0.05 in all). In early IPD, a significant increase in the uptake ratio in anterior and posterior putamen and a trend of increase in caudate to putamen ratio was observed. In MSA, the decrease of DAT was accompanied with no difference in the striatal uptake pattern compared with healthy controls. Regarding the brain regions where $^{123}I$-FP-CIT binding was predominant by SERT, MSA patients showed a decrease in the binding of $^{123}I$-FP-CIT in the pons compared with controls as well as early IPD patients (MSA: $0.22{\pm}0.1$ healthy controls: $0.33{\pm}0.19$, IPD: $0.29{\pm}0.19$), however, it did not reach the statistical significance. Conclusion: In this study, the differential patterns in the reduction of DAT in the striatum and the reduction of pontine $^{123}I$-FP-CIT binding predominant by SERT could be observed in MSA patients on $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT. We suggest that the quantification of SERT as well as DAT using $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT is helpful to differentiate parkinsonian disorders in early stage.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.294-306
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• 1995

There has recently been increasing interest in the use of NMDA receptor antagonists as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the selective non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 in focal cerebral ischemia, local cerebral glucose utilization (ICGU) was examined in 15 neuroanatomically discrete regions of the conscious rat brain using the 2-deoxy-D[$^{14}C$] glucose quantitative autoradiographic technique 24 hr after left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals received MK-801 (5 mg/kg i.v.) or saline vehicle before (20-30 min) or after (30 min) MCAO. Both pretreatment and posttreatment of MK-801 increased occluded/non-occluded ICGU ratio in 7 and 5 of the 15 regions measured, respectively (most notably in cortical structures). Following MK-801 pretreatment, there was evidence of widespread increases in ICGU not only in the non-occluded hemisphere (12 of the 15 areas studied) but also in the occluded hemisphere (13 of the 15 areas studied), while MK-801 postreatment did not significantly increase ICGU both in the normal and occluded hemispheres. These data indicate that MK-801 has a neuroprotective effect in focal cerebral ischemia and demonstrate that MK-801 provides widespread alterations of glucose utilization in conscious animals.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.268-278
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• 2003

Purpose：The aim of this study was to evaluate the striatal binding ratio, the anterior/posterior ratio and reproducibility using a template based registration method using the standard MR template as a replacement for each patients MR image. Materials and Methods：This study analyzed the 123I IPT SPECT images of 30 patients with IPD, who were subdivided into 17 patients (56.6$\pm$10.8 yr, M/F : 8/9.) with mild IPD, and 13 patients (56.4$\pm$11.1 yr, M/F : 8/5) with severe IPD. In addition, 11 normal controls (57.8$\pm$14.4 yr, M/F : 4/7) were also analyzed. The ROIs were positioned manually in the same slice showing the highest striatal activity using the traditional manual method, whereas those were positioned automatically in a mid striatal slice of the SPECT image coregistered to the standard T1 weighted MR template. Results : The specific binding ratio (SBR) obtained using the template based registration method strongly correlated with those using the manual method in all groups : normal controls (r=0.85, P<0.001), mild IPD (r=0.84, P<0.001) and severe IPD (r=0.7, P=0.01). The SBRs obtained using both methods were significantly different among the three groups (P=0.05) and the SBRs obtained by the template based registration method were higher than those by the manual method (P=0.05) in all three groups. The APRs obtained by the template based registration correlated with those using manual method in only mild IPD (r=0.72, P=0.0). The APRs obtained by the template based registration method were significantly different from the normal controls and those with mild or severe IPD (P<0.05), whereas those obtained using the manual method were not significantly different among the three groups (P＞0.1). The reproducibility (rmsCV) of the template based registration method was 7.2% (normal controls：5.2%, mild IPD：4.2%, severe IPD：10.8%), whereas the reproducibility of the manual method was 31% (normal controls：19.7%, mild IPD：21.7%, severe IPD：46.2%). Conclusion：These results show that the use of $^{123}$ I-IPT SPECT for assessing IPD is affected by the methods used to position the striatal ROI. The template based registration method using the standard MR template can be useful in diagnosing IPD and assessing the disease severity with a high reproducibility. Therefore, the template based registration method appears to be a good replacement for the manual method.