• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.772-782
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• 1993

This study was conducted to assess the relationships between maternal dietary intakes and milk contents of minerals and trace elements, and the correlation among levels of these milk constituents. Maternal dietary intakes were measured and milk samples were collected at 2∼5 days, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks postpartum from 29 lactating women. The results obtained are sumarized as follows: 1) The overall mean nutrient intakes of lactating women in this study were below the recommended allowances and there were extensive individual variations between subjects. 2) Concentrations of minerals and trace elements in matured human milk showed the same range reported from different countries with the exception of calcium, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum which were relatively high. 3) There were no significant relationships between maternal dietary intakes of minerals and the corresponding mineral levels of human milk. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal vitamin C intake and the iron contents of milk. These were significant positive correlations between maternal calcium intake and the magnesium level of milk ; between maternal protein intake and the contents of zinc and copper in human milk. Maternal energy intake was negatively correlated with milk sodium level. 4) Pearson correlation coefficient showed positive significant relationships between levels of 17 pairs of various mineral and trace elements : sodium and potassium, iron ; potassium and calcium, phosphors, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese ; calcium and magnesium, iron manganese, molybdenm, nickel ; magnesium and iron, molybdenum ; iron and copper ; nickel and manganese.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.4 s.210
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• pp.99-102
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• 1987

가죽의 생산력을 향상시키고 도체조성을 개선하기 위해 현재 사용되고 있는 다양한 성장촉진제에 대하여 그 효과와 가능한 작용기전에 관해 정리하였다. 항생제는 여러 가축에 가장 널리 이용되고 있으며 성장 촉진 효과로 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 가능한 내성문제 등 여러가지 우려되는 문제점으로 사용에 제한을 받고 있으며 따라서 부작용이 없는 새로운 항생제의 개발노력은 계속적으로 경주되어져야 한다고 본다. 생균제는 항생제의 대체 가능한 첨가제로서 장내에서 유해한 미생물들을 억제조절하고 반면 유익한 미생물 성장을 도와 성장을 촉진한다. 성장호르몬의 합성효과에 의한 성장촉진 및 체조성 개선 효과는 상당한 관심의 대상으로 연구가 되고 있으며 최근의 연구결과에 의하면 동물에 성장호르몬 투여는 성장촉진 효과와 더불어 근육생산을 늘리고 지방축적을 감소시켰다고하며 또한 유생산에도 상당한 증가효과가 있었다고 한다. 대부분 성호르몬인 합성호르몬은 주로 육생산 가축에서 성장촉진 및 도체품질 향상 목적으로 쓰이는데 보통 사료에 첨가되거나 직접 투여되기도 한다. 효모 배양물은 특히 어린 동물에서 증체 향상 효과가 보고되고 있는데 이런 효과는 효모의 효소에 의한 소화율 향상이나 비타민 B군등 미량 영양소의 직접적인 공급 효과로 풀이된다. 전체적으로 성장촉진 목적으로 이용되는 여러 제제들은 그 명확한 작용기작 규명 등 앞으로 보다 많은 연구노력이 이루어져야 할 것으로 본다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food and Cookery Science Conference
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• 1985.12a
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• pp.123-133
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• 1985

1. 1900년대 초기에는 조리 과학의 기초 개념으로 표준 recipe의 작성이 시도되었다. 2. 비타민과 무기질이 필수 영양소로 밝혀지면서 각종 식품 내의 영양가 분석이 광범위하게 이루어졌으며 과학 기술이 발달함에 따라 새로운 분석 기기의 도입으로 미량 원소의 분석도 가능하게 되었다. 3. 1950년대 후반부터 식품의 관능적 품질 요소를 평가하는대 Panel들의 오관을 이용한 관능 검사법이 이용되어 왔으며, 평가 방법이 점차 발달되어 IFT에서 1981년에 실험 목적에 따라 표준화된 관능조사 방법을 발표한 바 있다. 4. 식품의 품질 평가시 기계적 측정을 실시함으로써 객관적인 결과를 얻게 되었으며, 현재는 이를 관능 검사 결과와 관련시키고 있다. 5. 1970년대 이후 조리 과학적 측면에서의 식품 연구 경향을 J. Food Sci.와 Home Economics Research J.을 통하여 검토한 결과, 육류에 대한 연구가 가장 많았고, 영양가, 맛, tenderness가 주요 관점이었다. 그 다음으로는 두류와 곡류에 대한 연구가 많았으며 기타 식품에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이었다. 6. 미국에서 대두에 관한 연구는 동양에서의 이용방법을 직수입하지 않고 서구식 식생활에 맞게 발전시켰다. 이에는 textured vegetable protein등과 같이 육류 대체 식품으로서의 이용 가능성과 두류 단백질의 식품학적 기능성을 이용하여 첨가시 식품의 품질을 향상시키고자 하는 관점에서 연구가 진행되고 있으며 앞으로도 많은 관심을 받게 될 것으로 전망된다.

• Feed Journal
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• v.4 no.5 s.33
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• pp.107-112
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• 2006

동물영양에 있어 광물질은 동물체의 골격을 구성 할 뿐만 아니라 체액의 삼투압 및 산 엽기 평형상태 조절, 세포막의 투과성 조절, 신경 근육 간 자극전달매개, 각종 효소의 구성 및 활성촉진, 에너지 발생작용 조절 등 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 영양소이다. 체내 기능을 중심으로 한 전통적인 분류방법은 크게 필수 광물질, 준 필수 광물질, 비 필수 광물질 및 중독광물질로 구별하는데, 각각의 광물질은 연구결과에 의해 소속 군이 변화되거나 경계가 불분명해지기도 하나, 대부분 양적인 요구량 측면에서 다량 광물질(칼슘, 인, 나트륨, 염소, 마그네슘, 칼륨 및 황)과 미량광물질(구리, 철, 망간, 몰리브덴, 아연, 크롬, 불소, 셀레늄, 실리콘)로 나뉘어 진다. 최근 이러한 영양생리학적 요구수준과 결부된 분류 외에 약리학적 또는 특수 기능적 측면을 중심으로 일정 광물질에 대한 관심이 확대되고 있으며, 친환경농업과 관련되어 환경에 대한 부담을 최대한 경감시킬 수 있는 광물질 제재의 개발과 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있는 실정이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.430-440
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• 2022

Selenium is an important trace mineral that plays an essential role in maintaining the body's immunity with oxidative stress defense and antioxidant activity, immunity, thyroid hormone control, defense against drug or heavy metal harm, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. A selenium deficiency increases the risk of various chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological disease, osteoarthritis, muscle necrosis and weakness, thyroid disease, and inflammatory diseases. This paper explains the criteria for establishing and revising selenium in the 2020 Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (KDRIs) and reviews the current status of the selenium database and suggestions for setting the 2025 KDRIs in the future. In the 2020 KDRIs, the selenium intake with the maximum plasma selenoprotein P level was used as the criteria. The weight and coefficient of the variation were applied to the Chinese' reported values. Compared to 2015 KDRIs, there were some revisions in the selenium dietary reference intakes by gender and age according to the change in reference weight. To improve and revise selenium dietary reference intakes in the future, a selenium intervention study is needed to determine the maximum level of plasma selenoprotein P in Koreans. In addition, a revision of the selenium database of the nutritional assessment program (CAN-Pro 5.0) is needed. An analysis of the selenium content of foods should be expanded to assess the selenium intake accurately. In addition, research on the relationship between selenium intake and the biological indicators in the body is required for healthy people and subjects of special environments, such as patients and athletes with various oxidative stress.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.451-462
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate breakfast consumption pattern in relation to diet quality and health outcomes of Korean adults. Data are from 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary information of 3406 adults aged $30{\sim}49$ years and their socio-demographic characteristics, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements were analyzed. According to the breakfast consumption of the subjects, they were classified to breakfast skippers and eaters and the eaters' breakfast staple types were defined as RICE, BREAD, NOODLES, MIXED (mixed types including several grain-based dishes), and OTHERS. The proportions of breakfast consumption patterns were 18.4% for skippers, 71.1% for RICE, 2.6% for BREAD, 1.6% for NOODLES, 4.0% for MIXED, and 2.4% for OTHERS. Breakfast skippers had lower daily nutrients intake than breakfast eaters but their health outcomes did not differ from those of eaters. Instead, men with BREAD pattern had higher blood cholesterol and women in NOODLE pattern had higher blood glucose and lower HDL cholesterol. The BREAD pattern breakfast had higher energy contribution from fat and lower nutrient densities and the subjects in BREAD pattern had higher level of household income. Men's BREAD pattern breakfast consisted more animal products than that of women. There was high probability of undernutrition among women in NOODLE pattern and their mean household income was the lowest. From these results, in Korea, breakfast staple types have different food patterns and there was need for developing healthy food patterns appropriate to each staple type. The breakfast consumption pattern had influences on nutrient adequacy of the diet and health outcomes and seemed to represent socio-economic status. These could be used in doing nutrition education in community.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.205-224
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• 2019

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the growth promotion effects on tomato crops and to assess the mineral nutrient concentrations of farm-made liquid fertilizers used in organic cultivation in South Korea. We hope that this study will help to develop of a standardized manufacturing technique for these organic liquid fertilizers. We collected 62 farm-made liquid fertilizers made from various raw materials including fish, seaweed, food scraps, plant and crop by-products, and other materials. Two groups of tomato seedlings were treated at different times, one at 20 days and the other at 40 days after sowing. We used both foliar and soil applications. These seedlings were treated using liquid fertilizers at various dilution rates (x1000, x500 and x100). When foliar application was used, seedlings after 20 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 47-48 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 17-32 fertilizers. When soil application was used, seedlings after 20 days had the same increase in shoot fresh weight with 30-31 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days also saw the same increase with 6-7 fertilizers. Therefore, our studies showed that application of liquid fertilizers to seedlings 20 days after sowing was most effective and that foliar treatment was more effective than soil treatments. We also observed that the higher the concentrations of fertilizer, particularly when applied twice rather than just once, the higher the rates of growth, which promoted shoot fresh weight more than plant height. Our results imply that mineral nutrients in liquid fertilizers seem to be the probable cause for the growth promotion observed in this study. However, more study is required to determine exactly which mineral nutrients are most effective.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.193-205
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate nutrient and food intake status and dietary quality in Korean adults according to nutrition label utilization. Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2010-2011 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 8190 adults aged 19 to 64 years. In this study, according to nutrition label utilization, we classified the subjects according to the "non-utilization of nutrition label (NUNL)" group (male, n = 2716, female, n = 3147), "identification of nutrition label (INL)" group (male, n = 143, female, n = 330), and "Utilization of nutrition label (UNL)" group (male, n = 363, female, n = 1491). Nutrient and food group intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), and INQ (index of nutritional quality) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: Results of this study showed that subjects in the NUNL group were significantly more likely to drink alcohol compared with the other two groups. The NUNL group showed a significantly higher frequency of consuming instant noodles, Soju (male), and carbonated drink (female) than the UNL group, whereas the NUNL group showed a significantly lower frequency of consuming milk, soymilk, and yogurt than the UNL group. In addition, regarding diet quality (NAR and INQ), significantly lower vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, and calcium was observed in the NUNL group compared with the UNL group. For both male and female, significantly higher MAR was observed in the UNL group than in the NUNL group. The NUNL group showed significantly lower consumption of milk compared to the UNL group. Conclusion: Good dietary practice such as referring to nutrition labels and its influence can affect the quality of nutritional intake and selection of food, while it can also provide basic data for specific nutrition education regarding use of nutrition labeling.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

ABSTRACT: Factors responsible for protoplast formation and regeneration of Phytophthora capsici were examined. Protoplasts were successfully liberated from the mycelial culture by digestion for 6-9 hrs with Novozym 234 in 0.35 M $CaCl_2$, (pH 5.7) as osmotic stabilizer. Young rapidly-growing mycelium (24 hrs old) showed highest protoplast yields. High concentrations of Novozym 234 were effective in releasing protoplasts from the mycelium. The combination of 0.4 M mannitol and 0.1 M $CaCl_2$ was optimal osmotic stabilizers for protoplast regeneration. The synthetic Henninger media containing all nutritional elements gave the best regeneration rate. The protoplast regeneration was greatly inhibited in the media which were not supplement with amino acids or ${\beta}-sitosterol$. Certain amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid remarkably enhanced protoplast regeneration. However, the addition of microelements did not affect protoplast regeneration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2009

For children, voluntary addition of micronutrients to foods must be done without health risk to any of them. This study examined safe maximum levels of vitamin A and C, and calcium for children based on nutrient intake data from the 2001-2002 and 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in Korea, while using the safe strategy for addition of micronutrients to foods suggested by EU. For the respective 2001-2002 and 2005 NHANES data proportions of potentially fortifiable energy intake ranged 0.36-0.40 and 0.31-0.34 and the $95^{th}$ percentile intake of energy were 2,325-3,296 kcal and 2,286-3,814 kcal depending upon age groups. Ninety-fifth percentile intake levels of vitamin A were over or close to UL, even without considering supplement intake for some age groups, which suggest that vitamin A fortification to foods required further consideration. For calcium, 12-14 year old children were the most sensitive group for excessive intake and nutrient fortification to foods. In these children, maximum levels for fortification were 242-290 mg and 484-580 mg with 0.135 and 0.068 proportions of fortified food (PFF) assumed, respectively, without considering calcium intake from supplements. With consideration of calcium intake from both diet and supplement, the maximum levels for fortification were 20-36% of those without supplement intake. The maximum fortification levels of vitamin C were the lowest in 3-5 year old children, showing 77-187 mg and 68-164 mg with and without supplement intake, respectively. These results suggest that the model used for risk assessment in this study can be used to help risk managers to set maximum levels for safe addition of micronutrients to foods.