• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.287-317
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• 2017

Asbestos has been actively used for various places. Since it was designated as the first grade carcinogen in the 1970s, strict regulations on using asbestos has been implemented globally. Considering long-term latent periods between asbestos exposure and environmental diseases, we analyze the time lag between asbestos consumption and the incidence of mesothelioma in Korea and estimate the long-run relationship. In addition, we conduct a comparative analysis on the effectiveness of asbestos regulations in the United Kingdom and the United States, which have accumulated long-term time-series observations. The latent period analysis indicates that the consumption of asbestos and the incidence of the disease are highly correlated in all three countries, being long-term lags of more than 30 years. Also, we find a long-run equilibrium relationship between asbestos consumption and the incidence of mesothelioma in the presence of long-term lags between the variables in all three countries. Furthermore, using a distributed lag model, asbestos consumption has statistically significant positive effects on mesothelioma with a long-term lag.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.395-400
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• 2011

This study has been carried out in order to effectively manage three groups of unregulated hazardous organic substances (PCDD/DFs, PAHs, PCBs) in South Korea. The investigated substances have been analyzed according to the test methods for hazardous substances in specified wastes provided by the National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea. Total contents of the organic compounds have been determined for hazardous wastes from three major industrial categories (paint, iron removal, steelmaking), such as waste organic solvent, waste paint or dust. By investigating the waste samples for 7 PAHs using GC/MSD, Naphthalene has been detected (N.D~1631.33 mg/kg). The highest Naphthalene concentration, which exceeded the korean marine dumping waste standard, was found in waste organic solvents and waste paints. Although a content analysis of 7 PCB isomers has been conducted, none of these compounds was detected. The analysis of PCDD/DFs has revealed that all samples meet the criterion for low POP content defined in the technical guidelines developed under the Basel Convention. The PCDD/DFs content in dust samples deriving from 10 manufacturing processes (billet, bloom) was determined to be in the range of N.D~5.66 ng I-TEQ/g waste.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2016

The neutron activation inventories in reactor vessel and its internals, and bio-shield of a PWR nuclear power plant were calculated to evaluate the effect of impurity elements contained in the structural materials on the activation inventory. Carbon steel is, in this work, used as the reactor vessel material, stainless steel as the reactor vessel internals, and ordinary concrete as the bio-shield. For stainless steel and carbon steel, one kind of impurity concentration was employed, and for ordinary concrete five kinds were employed in this study using MCNP5 and FISPACT for the calculation of neutron flux and activation inventory, respectively. As the results, specific activities for the cases with impurity elements were calculated to be more than twice than those for the cases without impurity elements in stainless and carbon steel. Especially, the specific activity for the concrete material with impurity elements was calculated to be 30 times higher than that without impurity. Neutron induced reactions and activation inventories in each material were also investigated, and it is noted that major radioactive nuclide in steel material is Co-60 from cobalt impurity element, and, in concrete material, Co-60 and Eu-152 from cobalt and europium impurity elements, respectively. The results of this study can be used for nuclear decommissioning plan during activation inventory assessment and regulation, and it is expected to be used as a reference in the design phase of nuclear power plant, considering the decommissioning of nuclear power plants or nuclear facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1108-1119
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• 2018

As the interest on the air pollution is gradually rising at home and abroad, automotive and fuel researchers have been studied on the exhaust and greenhouse gas emission reduction from vehicles through a lot of approaches, which consist of new engine design, innovative after-treatment systems, using clean (eco-friendly alternative) fuels and fuel quality improvement. This research has brought forward two main issues : exhaust emissions (regulated and non-regulated emissions, PM particle matter) and greenhouse gases of vehicle. Exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases of automotive had many problem such as the cause of ambient pollution, health effects. In order to reduce these emissions, many countries are regulating new exhaust gas test modes. Worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) for emission certification has been developed in WP.29 forum in UNECE since 2007. This test procedure was applied to domestic light duty diesel vehicles at the same time as Europe. The air pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles are regulated by the weight per distance, which the driving cycles can affect the results. Exhaust emissions of vehicle varies substantially based on climate conditions, and driving habits. Extreme outside temperatures tend to increasing the emissions, because more fuel must be used to heat or cool the cabin. Also, high driving speeds increases the emissions because of the energy required to overcome increased drag. Compared with gradual vehicle acceleration, rapid vehicle acceleration increases the emissions. Additional devices (air-conditioner and heater) and road inclines also increases the emissions. In this study, three light-duty vehicles were tested with WLTP, NEDC, and FTP-75, which are used to regulate the emissions of light-duty vehicles, and how much emissions can be affected by different driving cycles. The emissions gas have not shown statistically meaningful difference. The maximum emission gas have been found in low speed phase of WLTP which is mainly caused by cooled engine conditions. The amount of emission gas in cooled engine condition is much different as test vehicles. It means different technical solution requires in this aspect to cope with WLTP driving cycle.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the acceptability of liquid manure bin among livestock farmers and agricultural farmers, and quantify its malodorous compounds. The results were as follows; 1. The size of the manure bins owned by $93\%$ of 60 farmers surveyed was 200 M/T and were all in normal operation. Around $57\%$ of the normally operated bins were processed under aerobic condition. 2. Filly percent of the respondents utilized their liquid manure bin twice a year while $64\%$ used commercial microbial products to enhance maturity of their liquid manure and abatement of malodorous emissions. On the other hand, $43\%$ mentioned problems on the labor requirement, mechanical maintenance and lending cost of liquid manure processing and utilization, and the price of the commercial microbial products. 3. Malodorants emitted from livestock liquid manure bins and their boundary bin depended upon the livestock liquid manure processing condition. Within bin under the aerobic processing condition, Iso-valeric and propionic acid were ranged 0.012 to 0.07ppm and 0.17 to 2.85ppm, respectively. Within bin under the anoxic processing condition, n-butyric, n-valeric acid, and acetaldehyde were ranged 1.5 to 2.3ppm, 1.3 to 1.8ppm, and 0.8 to 2.1ppm, respectively. Malodorants emitted from the boundary of livestock liquid manure bins under the anoxic processing condition were detected the range of 0.4 to 0.9 ppm, more than the concentration of law regulation, as an acetaldehyde, but under the aerobic processing condition, they did not any detection.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Among the flare systems that handle discharged substances from safety valves, the knockout drum was a key facility for safety, but the installation standards were not clear, so it was necessary to review the standards acceptable to the workplace and regulatory agencies. After investigating the domestic and foreign technical standards of knockout drums and the deficiencies of previous studies, research was first conducted on the degree of mass discharge, the installation location of the intermediate knockout drum, and the effect of changes in the composition of the discharged material. As a result of the study under the process simulation conditions, the gas-liquid separation of the knockout drum was completed in a small amount of less than 7,500kg/hr. However, when more than that was released, the gas-liquid separation effect was small even with the addition of an intermediate knockout drum. In addition, when the composition ratio of the material easily condensed was increased (molar fraction 10%), the gas-liquid separation effect of the knockout drum increased in the case of mass release. The gas-liquid separation effect was analyzed to be greater when the knockout drum was installed adjacent to the stack than the knockout drum was installed adjacent to the process equipment.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.225-285
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• 2017

In regard to the regulations related to the RPA(Remotely Piloted Aircraft), which is sometimes called in other countries as UA(Unmanned Aircraft), ICAO stipulates the regulations in the 'RPAS manual (2015)' in detail based on the 'Chicago Convention' in 1944, and enacts provisions for the Rules of UAS or RPAS. Other contries stipulates them such as the Federal Airline Rules (14 CFR), Public Law (112-95) in the United States, the Air Transport Act, Air Transport Order, Air Transport Authorization Order (through revision in "Regulations to operating Rules on unmanned aerial System") based on EASA Regulation (EC) No.216/2008 in the case of unmanned aircaft under 150kg in Germany, and Civil Aviation Act (CAA 1998), Civil Aviation Act 101 (CASR Part 101) in Australia. Commonly, these laws exclude the model aircraft for leisure purpose and require pilots on the ground, not onboard aricraft, capable of controlling RPA. The laws also require that all managements necessary to operate RPA and pilots safely and efficiently under the structure of the unmanned aircraft system within the scope of the regulations. Each country classifies the RPA as an aircraft less than 25kg. Australia and Germany further break down the RPA at a lower weight. ICAO stipulates all general aviation operations, including commercial operation, in accordance with Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention, and it also applies to RPAs operations. However, passenger transportation using RPAs is excluded. If the operational scope of the RPAs includes the airspace of another country, the special permission of the relevant country shall be required 7 days before the flight date with detail flight plan submitted. In accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation 107 in the United States, a small non-leisure RPA may be operated within line-of-sight of a responsible navigator or observer during the day in the speed range up to 161 km/hr (87 knots) and to the height up to 122 m (400 ft) from surface or water. RPA must yield flight path to other aircraft, and is prohibited to load dangerous materials or to operate more than two RPAs at the same time. In Germany, the regulations on UAS except for leisure and sports provide duty to avoidance of airborne collisions and other provisions related to ground safety and individual privacy. Although commercial UAS of 5 kg or less can be freely operated without approval by relaxing the existing regulatory requirements, all the UAS regardless of the weight must be operated below an altitude of 100 meters with continuous monitoring and pilot control. Australia was the first country to regulate unmanned aircraft in 2001, and its regulations have impacts on the unmanned aircraft laws of ICAO, FAA, and EASA. In order to improve the utiliity of unmanned aircraft which is considered to be low risk, the regulation conditions were relaxed through the revision in 2016 by adding the concept "Excluded RPA". In the case of excluded RPA, it can be operated without special permission even for commercial purpose. Furthermore, disscussions on a new standard manual is being conducted for further flexibility of the current regulations.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2011

The aim of study was to investigate polluted amounts 16 PAHs in railroad(waste railway ties) area, factory area and land-fill area. All of the samples were analyzed by GC-MSD(SIM mode), and the recovery range, detection limit and standard deviation obtained by this experiment were 73.88 ~ 94.75%, 0.009 ~ 2.252 ${\mu}g$/kg and 1.861 ~ 12.373, respectively. The concentrations of total PAHs(t-PAHs) and total carcinogenic PAHs(t-PAHcarc) in soils of three area were in the range of 12.54 ~ 3274.95 ${\mu}g$/kg on a wet weight basis with a mean value of 499.8 ${\mu}g$/kg and 0 ~122.77 ${\mu}g$/kg with a mean value of 20.16 ${\mu}g$/kg, respectively. The correlation between t-PAHs and t-PAHcarc appeared very high in railroad(waste railway ties) area ($R^2$ = 0.8301), factory area ($R^2$ = 0.9217) except land-fill area($R^2$ = 0.3782), indicated that t-PAHcarc concentration increases in proportion with t-PAHs.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

This study was performed to survey the school supplies such as pencil, eraser, notebook and color paper. Twenty-two kinds of samples were collected near the school zone, and eight kinds of phthalate which is one of the environmental hazard factors analyzed to estimate the contents characteristics of products. As the results of these research, three kinds of phthalates (BBP, DNOP and DIDP) were not detected in the selected samples. In the A group, DEHP and DINP were detected in the rage of 22%~28%, and DINP was selected 28%, 24% and 28% in the A-1, A-3 and A-4 samples, respectively. But the selected samples in the B group were detected less than 1,000 ppm as regulated level. Also, The DBP was detected 1% in the C-2 sample, and DEHP was detected 0.3% in the C-1 and C-6 samples. The DEHA was detected 0.3% in the D-3 sample. In this study, the DINP was mainly detected the eraser, therefore this kind of phthalate can be exposed through dermal exposure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.161-162
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• 2020

Major advanced ports around the world are preparing for environmental regulations such as increased efficiency of ports and low emission of pollutants in ports by utilizing fourth industrial technologies and ICT technologies such as AI, big data, self-driving cars and connected cars. It is also investing in developing fully unmanned terminals to solve the problem of workforce reduction caused by avoidance of 3D industries. However, the introduction of advanced technology is being delayed in domestic ports, which has led to a drop in port efficiency. In addition, port safety accidents have also occurred frequently, seriously affecting port marketing. Thus, the characteristics and types of each container terminal in Korea were analyzed and the factors for introducing autonomous cooperative driving were classified into five section factors and 15 division factors. Hierarchically classified factors will be surveyed on workers working in shipping lines, port construction, container terminals and related ministries.