• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 1995

To investigate the rate of smoking of 6th year grade students of elementary School by general characteristics in rural and small sized urban area, the survey was conducted during the period of Feb. 1, 1994 to Fed. 28, 1994 to 778 respondents of sixth year students of elementary school in rural area and 649 students in the small sized urban area, and also it was based on the questionnaire method. The sample consisted of 22 questions for general features of the respondents and 19 questions of smoking-ideas, totally 41 questions, which were related to the general features and the smoking oriented-factors, the real smoking fact of students, their ideas on smoking influences, and these questionnaires were statistically analysed by percentage and ${\chi}^2$-test. The results are as follows : The total respondents were 1427 students. 54.5% of respondents was of the farming, fishing area-students and 45.5% was of small, medium-sized city. Talking about the statistics of smoking, the present smoking boy-students in the farming, fishing area was marked to 14.6% ; the present smoking-boy students was marked 5.7% in the small, medium sized-city. From the viewpoint of smoking experience, 13.8% of students in farming, fishing area was shown to be experienced ; 9.7% of students in the small, medium sized-city was shown to be experienced. This indicated that there were significant difference of p<0.01 between two compared areas. From the viewpoint of family scale, in the family with many brothers, the younger brothers have a higher rate of p<0.001 of smoking-oriented than elder brother, and the students with a single parent or without parents have a higher rate of smoking on. In addition, the motivation of their smoking indicated that they had the most curiosity in smoking. From the viewpoint of academic grade, the low-level group has a higher smoking rate. Talking about the smoking knowledge of students, the present smoking students has less ideas about the smoking influences the than non-smoking students. More than 70% of the smoking-student group agreed that the education on the smoking influences was required to the elementary school students.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.657-665
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• 2019

In this study, we conducted a study on the transcranial magnetic electrode, a method for the study of dementia and muscle pain, a neurodegenerative disease caused by an aging society, which is becoming a problem worldwide. In particular, transcranial magnetic electrodes have been studied to improve their ability to be deteriorated by dementia symptoms such as speech, cognitive ability, and memory by outputting magnetism deep into the brain using coils on the head epidermis. In this study, simulation was performed using Maxwell 3D program for the design of coil, the core of transcranial magnetic electrode. As a result of the simulation comparison between the coil designed by the previous research and the coil through the research and development, the output was found to be superior to the conventional designed coil. The graphs of the coil outputs of B-Field and H-Field are found to be symmetrical, but the symmetry between each coil is pseudo-symmetrical and not accurate. Based on these results, an experiment was conducted to confirm whether the output of the head epidermis through both coils is possible. In the magnitude field of the reverse-coil 2-coil analysis, the maximum output was 3.3920e + 004 H [A_per_meter], and the vector field showed the strongest magnetic field around 35 to 165 degrees. It was confirmed that the magnetic output canceled due to the magnetic output. In the case of the forward 2-coil, a maximum of 3.2348e + 004H [A_per_meter] similar to the reverse coil was observed, but in the case of the vector field, the magnetic output regarding the forward output and the head skin output was confirmed. However, when the height change in the output coil, the magnetic output was reduced.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.300-312
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to examine the sanitary knowledge level and degree of HACCP (hazard analysis critical control point) practice in school culinary staff in order to provide basic information for improving hygiene of school meals. Methods: Exactly 305 culinary staff members were selected from elementary, middle, and high schools in 14 cities and rural areas, including whole administrative districts in Chungnam province. Surveyed schools were selected by convenience sampling, and one subject was selected randomly from each school. Surveys were taken by self-administered questionnaires developed by researchers and questionnaire were distributed and collected by postal mail. Results: Sanitary education administered by school dietitians to culinary staff was more frequent and longer in elementary schools, followed by middle and high schools (p < 0.001). Sanitary knowledge level and degree of HACCP practice, except for a few CCP or CP of culinary staff, were highest in elementary schools and middle school followed by high schools (p < 0.05), respectively. School class was negatively correlated with sanitary knowledge level of culinary staff (p < 0.01), and frequency of sanitary education was positively correlated with sanitary knowledge level of culinary staff (p < 0.01). Sanitary knowledge level of culinary staff was positively correlated with degree of HACCP practice (p < 0.01). School class, daily frequency of meal service, work experience, rice washing machine, and total score of sanitary knowledge were significant variables influencing degree of HACCP practice in culinary staff. Conclusion: The above results show that the following points should be considered to improve hygiene of school meals. Sanitary education should be administered more frequently by school dietitians to culinary staff, especially to those in high schools, which showed the lowest sanitary knowledge level and degree of HACCP practice. In addition, facilities and equipment required for HACCP practice should be supported in small-sized elementary schools.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.165-165
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• 2017

지난 수 십 년 동안, 전 세계적으로 자원의 소비가 급격히 증가하게 되면서 최근 자원 고갈은 물론 환경오염이 커다란 이슈로 문제가 되고 있다. 이에 따라 재료 관련 분야에 있어서는 보다 효율적이고 친환경적인 방법으로 자원을 활용해야 된다는 필요성이 대두되었고 이와 같은 관점에서 목적하는 성분이 우수하고 환경 친화적인 표면처리 재료 개발연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있는 실정이다. 그 중 플라즈마 전해 산화(Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, PEO)는 알루미늄, 마그네슘 등의 경금속의 경도를 향상시키고 높은 내마모성, 내식성을 갖게 하는 표면처리로써 그 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이 플라즈마 전해 산화는 일반적으로 공정비용 대비 효과적이고 환경 친화적이며 코팅 성능 면에서 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 이러한 고유한 특성으로 인해 플라즈마 전해 산화 코팅은 최근 몇 년 동안 기계, 자동차, 우주항공, 의학 및 전기 산업 등의 분야에서 그 적용이 점차 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 한편, 플라즈마 전해 산화 코팅을 하는 모재들의 경우 부동태 산화피막을 용이하게 형성할 수 있는 특성의 모재에 한정되고 있어서 그 응용확대에 한계가 있는 것이 사실이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 플라즈마 전해 산화법을 사용하여 용융알루미늄도금 강판 상에 산화피막 형성을 시도하였다. 전원공급 장치의 양극은 전해질 속에 잠겨있는 작동전극에 연결하고 음극은 대전극 역할을 하는 스테인레스강 전해질 용기에 연결되었다. 전해질은 Sodium Aluminate 및 기타 첨가제를 함유한 것을 사용하였고 온도는 열교환기를 사용하여 $30^{\circ}C$ 이하로 유지되었다. 또한 여기서 전류밀도는 $5{\sim}10A/dm^2$, 실험 주파수는 700Hz, Duty cycle은 30 및 90%의 각 조건에서 공정처리 시간을 각각 30분 및 60분 동안 진행하였다. 이와 같은 조건에서 형성한 막들에 대해서는 주사형전자현미경(SEM)을 이용하여 코팅 막의 표면 및 단면의 모폴로지를 관찰하였음은 물론 EDS 및 XRD 측정을 통하여 원소조성분포 및 결정구조를 각각 분석하였다. 또한 이 코팅 막들에 대한 내식성은 5% 염수분무 환경 중 노출시험(Salt spray test), 3% NaCl 용액에서의 침지 시험 및 전기화학적 동전위 양극분극(Potentiodynamic Polarization) 시험을 진행하여 평가하였다. 이상의 실험결과에 의하면, 제작조건별 플라즈마 전해 산화 코팅 막의 모폴로지 및 결정구조가 상이하게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 코팅 막의 모폴로지 관찰 결과, 공정 시간에 비례하여 표면에 존재하는 원형 기공의 수는 감소하였으나 그 크기가 커지고 크레이터의 직경 또한 커진 것이 확인되었다. 이 기공은 마이크로 방전에 의해 형성된다고 알려져 있는데 공정 시간이 증가함에 따라 코팅 두께가 점차 증가하여 마이크로 방전의 빈도수가 줄어들고 그 강도는 증가하게 되어 기공 크기가 증가한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 공정시간이 긴 시편에서 표면에 크랙이 다수 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이것은 방전에 의해 고온이 된 소재가 차가운 전해질과 만나게 되어 생긴 큰 온도구배로 인해 강한 열응력이 발생하여 균열을 초래한 것으로 보인다. 조성원소 분석 결과 원형 기공 주변의 크레이터 영역에는 알루미늄이 풍부하였으며 그 주변에 결절상을 갖는 구조에서는 전해질 성분의 원소가 포함되어 있는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 코팅 막의 표면 특성은 내식성에 영향을 주게 된 원인으로 사료된다. 동전위 분극측정 결과에 의하면 플라즈마 전해 산화 공정 시간이 길어질수록 부식전류밀도가 증가하였다. 이것은 공정시간이 길어짐에 따라 강한 방전이 발생하여 기공의 크기가 증가하고 크랙이 발생하게 되면서 내식성이 저하된 것으로 판단된다. 종합적으로 재료특성 분석 및 내식성 평가를 분석한 결과, 플라즈마 전해 산화의 공정 시간이 너무 길게 되면 오히려 내식성은 저하되는 것이 확인되었다. 이상의 연구를 통하여 고내식 특성을 갖는 플라즈마 전해 산화 막의 유효성을 확인하였으며 용융알루미늄강판 상에 실시한 플라즈마 전해 산화 처리에 대한 기초적인 응용 지침을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.155-174
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• 2010

In many cases, street vendors are means of living and/or a solution to unemployment for low income group. Street vendors have both of positive and negative effects on traditional market revitalization. This two-sided perspective of the vendors has produced different views of interests groups. In this study, the features of street vendors are examined to present related issues, and a survey result conducted on interests groups is presented to offer effective management measures. As traditional management about street vendors are focused on crackdown, relationship between street traders and government has been not very much mutually cooperative, and at times some traders organized groups who are against government policies. With the premise admitting street vendors as one element of distribution network, it is possible to access the management measures for street vendors in organizational, quantitative or qualitative perspectives. However, I believe it is not recommendable to enforce multi-perspective approach at a time. It is because street traders still have quite strong animosity against government policies. Therefore, serious misunderstanding and side-effects on our society could be brought if the government makes hasty and forcible attempts to legalize street vendors. In political position, overreaching actions of government could hardly produce positive results because policy making and its enforcement need each of timeliness. In a similar way, government's policies for street vendors need to come into effect gradually. Management measures for street vendors can come in short-, mid- and long-term. In short-term, government should try to reduce animosity of street traders along with minimizing institutional and political pressure on them. As a mid-term solution, plans to bring vendors over to institutional boundaries by improving them are required. Last but not least, in the long term, government should design policies which are to help street vendors settle down and maintain successfully in the boundaries. Besides, policies related to street vendors need to come in effect in a way that closely connected to interests groups and businesses because those policies would get involve many interests groups and businesses in diverse perspectives.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.45
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• pp.197-214
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• 2016

Augmented Reality, virtual reality in recently attracted attention throughout the world. and Mix them mixed reality etc., it has had a significant impact on the overall pop culture beyond the scope of science and technology. The world's leading IT company : Google, Apple, Samsung, Microsoft, Sony, LG is focusing on development of AR, VR technology for the public. The many large and small companies developed VR hardware, VR software, VR content. It does not look that makes a human a human operation in the cognitive experience of certain places or situations or invisible through Specific platforms or program is Encompass a common technique that a realization of the virtual space. In particular, out of the three-dimensional image reveals the limitations of the conventional two-dimensional structure - 180, 360 degree images provided by the subjective and objective symptoms such as vision and sense of time and got participants to select it. VR technology that can significantly induce the commitment and participation is Industry as well as to the general public which leads to the attention of colostrum. It was introduced more than 10 related VR works Year 2015 Sundance Film Festival New Frontier program. The appearance VR content : medical, architecture, shopping, movies, animations. Also, 360 individuals can be produced by the camera / video sharing VR is becoming an interactive tunnel between two possible users. Nevertheless, This confusion of values, moral degeneration and the realization of a virtual space that has been pointed out that the inherent. 4K or HUD, location tracking, motion sensors, processing power, and superior 3D graphics, touch, smell, 4D technology, 3D audio technology - It developed more than ever and possible approaches to reality. Thereafter, This is because the moral degeneration, identity, generational conflict, and escapism concerns. Animation is also seeking costs in this category Reality. Despite the similarities rather it has that image, and may be the reason that the animation is pushed back to the VR content creation. However, it is focused on the game and VR technology and the platform that is entertaining, but also seek new points within the animation staying in the flat Given that eventually consist of visual images is clear that VR sought. Finally, What is the reality created in the virtual space using VR technology could be applied to the animation? So it can be seen that the common interest is research on what methods and means applied.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.117-120
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• 2005

인구주택총조사는 국가통계의 가장 기본이 되는 자료를 생산하는 조사로 거의 대부분의 나라에서 전수조사방식으로 정기적으로 시행해왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 일부 국가, 특히 선진국에서 응답거부가 늘고, 조사대상을 접촉하기 어려운 등 조사환경이 나빠지고 있다. 아울러 조사비용이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 이에 각 국의 통계청에서는 이러한 상황을 인구센서스에 대한 '근본적인 도전'으로 간주하고 있다(Jensen, 2000). 심지어 독일이나 네델란드에서는 조사환경의 악화로 1990년대 이후 인구센서스를 중단한 상태이다(Bierau, 2000). 조사환경의 악화는 조사의 포괄성과 신뢰성에 대한 문제를 야기한다. 선진국들과 마찬가지로 우리나라에서도 조사환경이 빠른 속도로 악화되고 있다. 더욱이 우리의 경우 읍면동사무소 기능축소로 말미암아 과거 인구주택총조사에서 실제 조사에 도움을 주었던 행정지원이 없어짐에 따라 앞으로 조사의 어려움은 더욱 커질 것으로 보인다. 이렇듯 악화되는 조사환경변화에 대응하여 선진 국가에서는 다양한 형태의 인구센서스방식들이 모색되고 있다. 많은 나라들이 순환형 센서스보다는 행정자료를 인구주택총조사에 활용하는 방안을 모색하고 있으며, 덴마크나 핀란드 등 일부 국가에서는 이미 전혀 조사를 하지 않고 행정자료로 대부분의 인구센서스 통계를 생산하고 있다(Harala, 1996; Gaasemyr, 1999; Laihonen, 1999), 많은 나라들이 행정자료를 활용한 인구센서스 방식을 선호하는 데는 또 다른 이유가 있다. 자료의 측면에서 보면, 행정자료를 활용할 경우 매년 인구센서스 통계를 생산할 수 있다. 실제로 현재 덴마크와 핀란드는 인구센서스에 준하는 통계를 매년 생산하고 있다. 또한 이러한 자료를 바탕으로 지역통계 수요에 즉각 대처할 수 있다. 더 나아가 이와 같은 통계는 전 국민에 대한 패널자료이기 때문에 통계적 활용의 범위가 방대하다. 특히 개인, 가구, 사업체 등 사회 활동의 주체들이 어떻게 변화하는지를 추적할 수 있는 자료를 생산함으로써 다양한 인과적 통계분석을 할 수 있다. 행정자료를 활용한 인구센서스의 이러한 특징은 국가의 교육정책, 노동정책, 복지정책 등 다양한 정책을 정확한 자료를 근거로 수립할 수 있는 기반을 제공한다(Gaasemyr, 1999). 이와 더불어 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스는 비용이 적게 드는 장점이 있다. 예를 들어 덴마크나 핀란드에서는 조사로 자료를 생산하던 때의 1/20 정도 비용으로 행정자료로 인구센서스의 모든 자료를 생산하고 있다. 특히, 최근 모든 행정자료들이 정보통신기술에 의해 데이터베이스 형태로 바뀌고, 인터넷을 근간으로 한 컴퓨터네트워크가 발달함에 따라 각 부처별로 행정을 위해 축적한 자료를 정보통신기술로 연계${cdot}$통합하면 막대한 조사비용을 들이지 않더라도 인구센서스자료를 적은 비용으로 생산할 수 있는 근간이 마련되었다. 이렇듯 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스가 많은 장점을 가졌지만, 그렇다고 모든 국가가 당장 행정자료로 인구센서스를 대체할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 행정자료로 인구센서스통계를 생산하기 위해서는 각 행정부서별로 사용하는 행정자료들을 연계${cdot}$통합할 수 있도록 국가사회전반에 걸쳐 행정 체제가 갖추어져야 하기 때문이다. 특히 모든 국민 개개인에 관한 기본정보, 개인들이 거주하며 생활하는 단위인 개별 주거단위에 관한 정보가 행정부에 등록되어 있고, 잘 정비되어 있어야 하며, 정보의 형태 또한 서로 연계가 가능하도록 표준화되어있어야 한다. 이와 더불어, 현재 인구센서스에서 표본조사를 통해 부가적으로 생산하는 경제활동통계를 생산하기 위해서는 개인이 속한 사업체를 파악할 수 있도록 모든 사업체가 등록되어 있고, 개인의 경제활동과 관련된 각종 정보들이 사업체에 잘 기록 및 정비되어 있어야 한다. 따라서 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스통계생산은 단지 국가의 통계뿐만 아니라 행정조직과 행정체계를 정비하고, 개인과 사업체의 등록체계를 정비하며, 사업체의 개인에 관한 정보를 정비하여 표준화하는 막대한 작업을 수반한다. 이런 이유에서 대부분의 국가들은 장래에 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스통계생산을 목표로 하되, 당장은 행정자료를 인구센서스에 보조적 수단을 사용하는 데 노력을 기울이고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 행정자료를 인구주택총조사에 활용할 수 있는 몇 가지 중요한 기반을 갖추고 있다. 첫째, 1962년부터 시행한 주민등록제도가 있다. 주민등록제도는 모든 국민 개개인을 파악할 수 있는 주민등록번호를 갖추고 있으며 40년 이상 제도화되어 오류가 거의 없는 편이다. 둘째, 세계 10위권 내에 들 정도로 높은 우리나라의 정보화 수준과 2000년부터 시작된 전자정부사업으로 행정자료를 연계${cdot}$통합할 수 있는 기반이 잘 갖추어져 있다. 반면, 우리나라 행정자료 가운데 주거(생활)단위와 사업체를 파악할 수 있는 자료는 매우불완전하다. 대표적으로 인구센서스통계의 주요한 단위인 가구를 파악할 수 있는 수준으로 주소체계가 정비되어 있지 않으며, 많은 사업체, 특히 소규모 사업 가운데 등록되어 있지 않거나 등록오류가 많은 편이다. 이외에도 과세대장, 토지대장 등 많은 행정자료가 아직은 불완전하여 이들을 직접 연계하기에 어렵다. 행정자료를 연계하기 위해서는 모든 자료를 정비하고 표준화하여 실제 행정에 활용하여야 하기 때문에 행정적으로 많은 노력과 시간이필요하다. 따라서 현재는 손쉬운 부분에서부터 인구주택총조사에 행정자료를 활용하고, 앞으로 활용 과정을 거치면서 행정자료를 정비하고 표준화하는 장기적인 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.26
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• pp.29-58
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• 2011

Since 11 September 2001, warnings of risk in the nexus of terrorism and nuclear weapons and materials which poses one of the gravest threats to the international community have continued. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aim, principles, characteristics, activities, impediments to progress and developmental recommendation of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism(GICNT). In addition, it suggests implications of the GICNT for the ROK policy. International community will need a comprehensive strategy with four key elements to accomplish the GICNT: (1) securing and reducing nuclear stockpiles around the world, (2) countering terrorist nuclear plots, (3) preventing and deterring state transfers of nuclear weapons or materials to terrorists, (4) interdicting nuclear smuggling. Moreover, other steps should be taken to build the needed sense of urgency, including: (1) analysis and assessment through joint threat briefing for real nuclear threat possibility, (2) nuclear terrorism exercises, (3) fast-paced nuclear security reviews, (4) realistic testing of nuclear security performance to defeat insider or outsider threats, (5) preparing shared database of threats and incidents. As for the ROK, main concerns are transfer of North Korea's nuclear weapons, materials and technology to international terror groups and attacks on nuclear facilities and uses of nuclear devices. As the 5th nuclear country, the ROK has strengthened systems of physical protection and nuclear counterterrorism based on the international conventions. In order to comprehensive and effective prevention of nuclear terrorism, the ROK has to strengthen nuclear detection instruments and mobile radiation monitoring system in airports, ports, road networks, and national critical infrastructures. Furthermore, it has to draw up effective crisis management manual and prepare nuclear counterterrorism exercises and operational postures. The fundamental key to the prevention, detection and response to nuclear terrorism which leads to catastrophic impacts is to establish not only domestic law, institution and systems, but also strengthen international cooperation.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.9
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• pp.5-24
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• 2006

Human hunted and picked to survive and a vessel was made naturally to store something being hunted and picket, which was a great invention. In modern times, society changed and development of science gave us convenience in making a vessel and various kinds of store instruments which was made of pure natural material, of new stuff, such as plastic and iron. but human became to be inclined to regress into nature because of problems of environment. We can say that the representative trend is well-being, after all this is a symptom to return to life being persued by predecessors before the science civilization was developed. Ancestors have lived with nature, adapted themselves to it. For examples they have built the house which became to be a part of nature and just like it, and studied a method of storing food to eat for four seasons, then displayed a storagehouse and storage containers everywhere of the house. Now Korean has the custody of kimchi in refrigerator at every house, but our forefathers controled a timing to eat food with studying a method of storage to put to use nature. With hot wind of well-being, Korean food is becoming to be globalized, according to this, concern about the wisdom of progenitors is growing more and more. It's an example that the world shows concern seriously about the pottery, which have stored kimchi for a long time fleshly, in globalization of kimchi. This study have three purposes, the first. checking documents about the development history of pottery which is a kind of ceramic, and then the second, through an scientific experiment, with studying characteristic of pottery being built by the wisdom of ancestors, informing the merit of pottery and necessity to the world, and futhermore, the third, working up the development of close environmental vessels putting to use the characteristic of pottery.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2011

In 2005, a survey was conducted to identify virus diseases on victory onion, Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum grown in Ulleung island located in the East Sea. A total of 61 samples were collected from victory onion in the neighborhood of Seonginbong. The identification of viruses from the samples were carried out by electron microscopy and RT-PCR using primers species specific to GCLV, LYSV, SLV, OYDV and genus specific to Allexivirus, respectively. From sixty-one samples, filamentous rod particles (600-900 nm) were detected from four victory onion samples in EM, three samples containing SLV and one sample containing both SLV and Allexivirus in RT-PCR analysis, respectively. Victory onions naturally infected by the viruses were asymptomatic apparently. The viruses detected by RT-PCR were further characterized by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the coat protein region. Three isolates of SLV showed approximately 99% identities in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, suggesting that they were likely to be the same strain. On the other hand, they showed approximately 75.7~83.7% identities in the nucleotide and 89.2~97.0% in amino acid sequences compared with the previously reported SLV isolates in Allium. The CP gene of the Allexivirus showed approximately 99.2% nucleotide identities and 98.8% amino acid identities with Garlic virus A. However, there was relatively low homology ranging from 60.6% to 81.5% compared with other Allexiviruses (GarV-C, GarV-E, GarV-X, GMbMV, and Shal-X). These data suggested that two viruses, SLV and GarV-A identified from victory onion, are named SLV-Ulleungdo and GarV-A-Ulleungdo, respectively. This is the first report of viruses infecting victory onion.