• Water for future
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.109-112
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• 2023

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.347-375
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• 2012

In my article published in 2008, I offered an inferentialist account of indicative conditionals. In her recent paper, Professor Seawha Kim raises three objections. First, I misunderstand Sellars-Brandom in that I take only concept-constitutive inferences as materially valid inferences. Second, Sellars and Brandom talk about the common features of all kinds of conditionals including counterfactual conditionals, but I construe their view as the analysis of the indicative conditionals only. Third, either my analysis is incompatible with Sellars-Brandom inferentialism or my analysis is too general. In this paper I argue that Seawha Kim's objections are all based on insufficient understandings of Sellars's and Brandom's views. First, it is Sellars's view that materially valid inferences are restricted within concept-constitutive inferences. Second, neither Sellars nor Brandom proposes a specific theory about the indicative conditional. Instead, they argue for the expressive role of the conditional. What I accept from their views is this expressive role of the conditional. The detailed proposals about the indicative conditional in my aforementioned article are my own. Third, the differences among conditionals have no direct bearing on Sellars-Brandom inferentialism. In addition, the meaning and role of the conditional expression 'if-then' do not require more than what I have argued for it.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.469-499
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• 2016

The present study investigated the cognitive mechanism underlying online processing of Korean syntactic (for example, A bed/a clock belongs to/doesn't belong to the furniture "침대는/시계는 가구에 속한다/속하지 않는다") and lexical negation (for example, A tiger/a butterfly has/doesn't have a tail "호랑이는/나비는 꼬리가 있다/없다") using an ERP(Event-related potentials) technique and a truth-value verification task. 23 Korean native speakers were employed for the whole experiment and 15's brain responses (out of 23) were recorded for the ERP analysis. The behavioral results (i.e. verification task scores) show that there is universal pattern of the accuracy and response time for verification process: True-Affirmative (high accuracy and short latency) > False-Affirmative > False-Negated > True-Negated. However, the components (early N400 & P600) reflecting the immediate processing of a negation operator were observed only in lexical negation. Moreover, the ERP patterns reflecting an effect of truth value were not identical: N400 effect was observed in the true condition compared to the false condition in the lexically negated sentences, whereas Positivity effect (like early P600) was observed in the false condition compared to the true condition in the syntactically negated sentences. In conclusion, the form and location of negation operator varied by languages and negation types influences the strategy and pattern of online negation processing, however, the final representation resulting from different computational processing of negation appears to be language universal and is not directly affected by negation types.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2020

A wh-phrase in an embedded sentence may have either an embedded or a matrix scope. Interpretation of a wh-phrase with a matrix scope has tended to be syntactically unacceptable unless the sentence reads with a wh-intonation. Previous studies have found two differences in prosodic characteristics between sentences with matrix and embedded scopes. Firstly, peak F0s in wh-phrases produced with an F0 compression wh-intonation are higher than those in indirect questions, and peak F0s in matrix verbs are lower than those in sentences with embedded scope. Secondly, a substantial F0 drop is found at the end of embedded sentences in indirect questions, whereas no F0 reduction at the same point is noticed in sentences with a matrix scope produced with a high plateau wh-intonation. However, these characteristics were not found in our experiment. This showed that a more compelling difference exists in the values obtained from subtraction between the peak F0s of each word (or a word plus an ending or case marker) and the F0s at the end of the word. Specifically, the gap between the peak F0 in a word composed with an embedded verb and the F0 at the end of the word, which is a complementizer in Korean, is large in embedded wh-scope sentences and low in matrix wh-scope sentences.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.764-774
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• 2003

The edible plants sold at the market in Busan were classified into 8 divisions, 11 classes, 46 orders, 67 families, 156 genera, 183 species and 45 varieties, and a total of 228 kinds of plants were included in them. Among the 228 kinds of edible plants, Angiospermae were the highest number of 202 kinds (88.60%), and next came Fungi of 9 kinds (3.95%), Phaeophyta of 5 kinds (2.19%), Rhodophyta of 4 kinds (1.75%), Pteridophyta of 3 kinds (1.32%) Gymnospermae of 2 kinds (0.88%), Chlorophyta of 2 kinds (0.88%), and Lichenes of 1 kind (0.44%) in order In the taxon of family, Cruciferae, Rosaceae, Leguminoceae, Cucurbitaceae, Umbelliferae, Compositae, Liliaceae, and Gramineae include many species. In the taxon of genus, Brassica(14 species), Prunus(9), Lactuca(9), Allium(7), Citrus(5), Cucumis(4), Cichorium(4) in order contain many species. Among tile edible plants, Chamjuknamu(Cedrela sinensis) is wrongly named Gajuknamu(Ailanthns altissima). And there are others which are called in a wrong way: Endive is wrongly called Chicory, Saeneutaribeoseot, Saesongi and Padeudeknamul(Japanese hornwort), Chamnamul. Gyul and Milgam, Geumgam and Gamgyul, Banana and Pacho, Paprika and Pimang(Pimento) are the names of the same plants. The number of the kinds of edible plants is different in each season. Fall has the most edible plants, and it is followed by spring, summer and winter. The edible parts of plants which are sold at the market are leaves, young sprouts, fruits, grains, roots, stems and petioles.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.105-132
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• 2019

This study quantitatively analyzed the speeches of the former 8 Presidents of the Republic of Korea. Unlike the previous studies, this study analyzed both the content word and the functional word related to the psychological phenomenon. In Study 1, six language style indicators such as clout, authenticity, presidentiality, cognitive complexity, femininity, and psychological health were developed. Also, as presidential speeches have been made recently, authenticity, presidentiality, psychological health tended to increase, but cognitive complexity tended to decrease. These tendencies were supported by linear trend analysis. The linguistic differences were distinct not only among individual presidents but also by groups based on the political orientation of the president. In the progressive presidential speech, more clout, cognitive complexity, femininity were observed. In contrast, more authenticity and presidentiality were observed in the conservative presidential speech. In Study 2, it was demonstrated whether the developed language style indicators show reliability in the most recent President's speeches. Finally, it was discussed that the relationship between language style indicators, fitness of the political tendency between the regime and the general public since 2000s, and the characteristics of femininity indicator.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2023

This study identified how users of Gwanghwamun Square perceive the space and derived the spatial attributes of Gwanghwamun Square. There are four spatial attributes of Gwanghwamun Square: preservation of the historical environment, beauty of the surrounding landscape, suitability as a resting place, and activation of recreation. The first attribute, preservation of the historical environment, refers to the spaces that reflect the unique characteristics of Gwanghwamun Square and resonate with culture, including the Blue House, Bukaksan Mountain, Gyeongbok Palace, Yukjo Street, King Sejong, and Yi Sun-sin. The second attribute, beauty of the surrounding landscape, is related to the provision of abundant greenery and natural environment without disturbing the surrounding landscape, and includes landscape, sky, and greenery. The third attribute, suitability as a resting place, refers to various landscape facilities and services to enhance visitor comfort, including tables, chairs, shade, planters, rest areas, and fountains. Finally, recreational activation. This is the provision of various experiences, including exhibitions, performances, experiences, and sightseeing. Utilizing the attributes of Gwanghwamun Plaza derived from this study, it will provide important implications for the reconstruction of Gwanghwamun Plaza if future studies on valuation and estimation of Gwanghwamun Plaza are conducted to verify the differences in preferences by type.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2009

The expression KES, one of the most commonly used words in the Korean language, has various usages. This expression is also used to express English-like cleft constructions. Korean seems to employ at least three different types of cleft constructions: predicational, identificational, and eventual. The paper tries to provide a constraint-based analysis of these three types of Korean cleft constructions and implement the analysis in the LKB(Linguistic Knowledge Building) system to check the feasibility of the analysis. In particular, the paper shows how a typed feature structure grammar, couched upon HPSG, can provide a robust basis for parsing Korean cleft constructions.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.7
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• pp.145-164
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• 1994

본 연구는 조직의 작업정보환경이 개인의 피이드백 추구 행위에 어떤 영향을 주는가에 관한 탐색적인 연구이다. 피이드백 추구 행위를 '탐지'와 '문의'의 유형으로 나누되, 피이드백 원천에 따라 상사에 대한 문의, 상사에 대한 탐지, 동료에 대한 문의, 동료에 대한 탐지를 구분하였으며, 작업정보환경은 피이드백 원천(상사, 동료, 자기자신)으로부터의 피이드백을 피이드백 부호(긍정적 피이드백, 부정적 피이드백)에 따라 평가하였다. 연구의 방법은 군 헬리콥터 조정사 훈련생 187명을 대상으로 질문지 방법에 의하였다. 연구의 결과 첫째, '탐지'와 '문의'의 피이드백 추구행위는 정의 상관관계를 보임으로써 피이드백 추구전략으로서 두 행위 유형은 서로 대체관계에 있지 않으며, 특정 유형의 피이드백 추구행위가 오히려 다른 유형의 피이드백 추구행위에 대한 필요성을 높여주고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, '탐지'를 통한 피이드백과 '문의'를 통한 피이드백은 적어도 질적으로 상이한 정보를 제공하여 주는 것으로 인식되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 어떤 원천으로부터 제공되었거나 추구된 피이드백 정보는 다른 피이드백 원천으로의 추구행위와 정의 상관관계를 보임으로써, 여러 피이드백 원천들로부터 제공되는 피이드백 정보는 피이드백 수신자에게 서로 대체적인 역할을 하지 않으며, 특정 피이드백 원천으로부터의 피이드백은 피이드백 수신자로 하여금 질적으로 상이한 정보를 제공하여 주는 것으로 인식되는 상이한 원천으로부터의 피이드백을 추구하도록 한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 작업정보환경에서 긍정적 피이드백이 주어지면 인상관리의 측면에서 적극적으로 피이드백을 추구하는 경향이 있었으며, 부정적 피이드백이 주어진 경우, 본 연구에서와 같이 성과가 매우 중요시 여겨지는 조직에서는 개인이 그 정보적 가치를 높게 평가하여 대체로 피이드백을 적극적으로 추구하는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.269-272
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 ETRI에서 개발 중인 용언구에 기반한 한영 기계번역 시스템 CaptionEye/KE에 대하여 논술한다. CaptionEye/KE는 대량의 고품질 한-영 양방향 코퍼스로부터 추출된 격틀사전 및 대역패턴, 대역문 연결패턴 등의 언어 지식들을 바탕으로 하여, 한국어의 용언구 단위의 번역을 조합하여 전체 번역을 수행한다. CaptionEye/KE는 변환방식의 기계번역 시스템으로서, 크게 한국어 형태소 분석기, 한국어 구문 분석기, 부분 대역문 연결기, 부분 대역문 생성기, 대역문 선택/정련기, 영어형태소 생성기로 구성된다. 입력된 한국어 문장에 대해 형태소 분석 및 태깅을 수행한 후, 격틀사전을 이용하여 구문구조를 분석하고 의존 트리를 생성해 낸다. 이렇게 생성된 의존 트리로부터 대역문 연결패턴을 이용하여 용언구들간의 연결에 대한 번역을 수행한 후 대역패턴을 이용하여 각 용언구들을 번역하고 문장 정련과정을 거쳐 영어 문장을 최종 생성한다.