• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1159-1170
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• 2000

It is necessary to improve the ambient air quality through the proper treatment and control of pollutants by designating air pollutants to regulatory ones. Especially, human took a concern for particulate matters which raised visibility reduction, public health effects and injury of property for urban areas. In order to reduce the effect of particulate matters, we need to establish proper control strategies based on the concentration characteristics of particulate matters. In this study. to evaluate the characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$. thirty-eight samples of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were collected at Nam-Gu sampling site where continuous air monitoring system has been operated, from May, 1999 to November, 1999, and their concentrations for the mass and anion components($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$) were analyzed. The important conclusions obtained in this study were as followings. Total average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were 35.016 and $50.293{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. and $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was calculated 0.692. Total average concentrations of anion components in $PM_{2.5}$ were $1.581(Cl^-)$, $3.690(NO_3{^-})$ and $12.825(SO_4{^{2-}}){\mu}g/m^3$ and those in $PM_{10}$ were $2.471(Cl^-)$, $5.819(NO_3{^-})$ and $14.414(SO_4{^{2-}}){\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. From the correlations analysis. the correlation coefficient between mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ was calculated as 0.945. The correlation coefficients between $PM_{2.5}$ and anion components were analyzed as $Cl^-$(0.025), $NO_3{^-}$(0.788) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$(0.500) respectively, and the correlation coefficients between $PM_{10}$ and anion components were analyzed as $Cl^-$(-0.019), $NO_3{^-}$(0.806) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$)(0.535) respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2001

A strain of Dictyophora echinovolvata ASI 32002 showing good fruiting body formation was selected. Analyses of chemical and nutritional components as well as antimicrobial activity of different parts of the mushroom such as mycelium, egg, and fruiting body were carried out. There were differences in the chemical compositions and the quantities depending on developmental stages of veiled lady mushroom, D. echinovolvata ASI 32002. Nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium in inorganic chemicals were abundant in mycelium, and potassium and mineral elements were abundant in the egg and fruiting body. Mannitol and trehalose were abundant in free sugar contents. Glutamic acid and arginine in mycelium and aspartic acid and glutamic acid in egg and fruiting body were abundant in free amino acid contents. Linoleic acid, an polyunsaturated fatty acid, was abundant in all parts of the Dictyophora species, but compositions and quantities of other fatty acids varied depending on the different parts of the mushroom. It was detected that malic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid in mycelium, formic acid, acetic acid and fumaric acid in egg, and malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid in fruiting body were abundant. The methanol extracts of D. echinovolvata ASI 32002 mycelium showed antifungal activity with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of $62{\sim}125\;{\mu}g/ml$ that was similar levels of cyclohexamide against Aspergillus awamori, Hypocrea nigricance and Trichoderma virens. The MIC of extracts from mycelium and fruiting body against Candida albicans was $250\;{\mu}g/ml$, similar to that of tetracycline. In addition to the above results, further as food additives and ingredient of cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.749-755
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of rice starch extracted from stale rice using alkaline steeping (AKL) and improved enzymatic digestion (iENZ) methods. The crude protein content (0.5-0.7%) of stale rice starch (SRS) was less than 1% by iENZ, but not so when measured by the existing ENZ methods. SRS is an intermediate amylose rice starch. AKL-SRS and iENZ-SRS exhibited typical A-type crystal packing arrangements with similar relative crystallinities. iENZ-SRS showed higher gelatinization onset and peak temperatures with a narrower gelatinization temperature range, compared to those of AKL-SRS, indicating that iENZ annealed SRS. Thus, iENZ-SRS exhibited lower swelling power and solubility, and higher pasting viscosities with delayed viscosity development. Overall, the use of stale rice as a rice starch source could make economical production of rice starch possible, and iENZ may diversify rice starch characteristics, which expands the utilization of rice starch in food and non-food industries.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.83-98
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• 2021

The purpose of this study to find the factors influencing the fire alarms using IoT firefighting facility management system data of Seoul Fire & Disaster Headquarters, and to present academic implications for establishing an effective prevention system of fire situation. As the number of high and complex buildings increases and former bulidings are advanced, the fire detection facilities that can quickly respond to emergency situations are also increasing. However, if the accuracy of the fire situation is incorrectly detected and the accuracy is lowered, the inconvenience of the residents increases and the reliability decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to improve accuracy of the system through efficient inspection and the internal environment investigation of buildings. The purpose of this study is to find out that false detection may occur due to building characteristics such as usage or time, and to aim of emphasizing the need for efficient system inspection and controlling the internal environment. As a result, it is found that the size(total area) of the building had the greatest effect on the fire alarms, and the fire alarms increased as private buildings, R-type receivers, and a large number of failure or shutoff days. In addition, factors that influencing fire alarms were different depending on the main usage of the building. In terms of time, it was found to follow people's daily patterns during weekdays(9 am to 6 pm), and each peaked around 10 am and 2 pm. This study was claimed that it is necessary to investigate the building environment that caused the fire alarms, along with the system internal inspection. Also, it propose additional recording of building environment data in real-time for follow-up research and system enhancement.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.52-77
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• 2016

A spirit tablet of king Guan Yu is enshrined in Donggwanwangmyo shrine[East Shrine of King Guan Yu], which houses 51 hanging boards. The hanging boards were written by the kings of Joseon Dynasty and envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most studies on hanging boards have been focused on the collections of the palaces but not on those in Donggwanwangmyo shrine. In this regard, this study researches the hanging boards of the kings' writings in the late Joseon period and analyzes their forms and contents. In terms of contents, it examines who made the boards, when they made them, and what brought them to make them, etc. This study analyzes the forms of hanging boards by types, used materials, and periodic transition of forms. The findings are as follows. First, Donggwanwangmyo shrine houses 7 pieces of hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwriting: one piece of King Sukjong, 4 pieces of King Yeongjo, and 2 pieces of Emperor Gojong. They are divided into two types: one is the name of the buildings and the other is the poems that the kings wrote regarding what they felt when they visited the shrine. Especially, the latter were written by the kings who visited the shrine in spring and autumn. The kings intended to promote peace of royal family through a sense of royalty and fidelity of King Guan Yu. Second, the hanging boards of the kings are differentiated from those of the envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in materials and forms. The background of the board is colored by blue, deep red lacquer color, and black lacquer color, which are more expensive than black color or white color. The hanging boards are embossed with the kings' handwritings and then colored with gold. The frame-style four-side hanging board is held at a 45-degree angle and painted with floral patterns and seven-treasure patterns in Dancheong technique. The left and right sides and the top and bottom sides of the board are decorated with Dang-cho pattern(Korean arabesque pattern). This style is called "quadrilateral"and considered the most classy and top-class among the other three ones. In conclusion, this study confirms the status of Donggwanwangmyo shrine with hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwritings as a political space where kings had interest and demanded their soldiers' royalty and fidelity. Research into the boards inscribed with the handwritings of envoys of the Ming Dynasty and generals of the Qing Dynasty, and the comparison of the styles and periodic transition of forms will be reserved for another study.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.152-171
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• 2009

The Dancheong(丹靑) of the main building of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple(美黃寺) in Haenam(海南) is the leading work of the Jeolla Dancheong style, which was created in the 18th century and has been passed down to the early modern days, and boasts its excellence and originality. On the outside, one can only see the traces of the Dancheong due to the colors that fell off and deteriorated severely. On the inside, however, the general Dancheong pattern is accompanied by the painting of 1,000 Buddhas(千佛圖), which is hardly found in other Buddhist temples, and the Arahan painting, which is truly magnificent in technique and can pass as an independent painting. The Dancheong also has unique methodological characteristics that can't be found in other Dancheong works such as the painting and attaching technique. The Dancheong inside is estimated to have been created in 1754 considering the records of "Dalmasan Mihwangsasa Daebeopdang Jungsusangryangmun(達摩山美黃寺大法堂重修上樑文)", the calligraphical writings of "Mudeungsanindanhwakya(無等山人丹?也)"and "Geonryungshipgu(乾隆十九)" left in the Jungryang, and the style characteristics reflected in the Dancheong patterns and the painting of 1,000 Buddhas. The fact that there are no traces of re-Dancheong also supports the estimation that the Dancheong was created in the absolute age of 1754. The absolute age will be the reference of deciding the chronological years of Dancheong patterns and be helpful in examining the characteristics and changes by the periods. There were certain style characteristics in Dancheong by the periods and regions. The Dancheong of Jeolla region also had its own style, which includes the tendency of finishing with two- or three-fold green belts without giving meokdanggi to the meoricho and the huge jar decoration of huigol. Treating the baetbadak of all materials, whether it's Geumdancheong or morodancheong, with lines of certain thickness and colors is another style of Jeolla Dancheong from the 18th to the 20th century. The Dancheong of the Geukrakbojeon(極樂寶殿) of Cheoneunsa Buddhist Temple and Daewoongbojeon(大雄寶殿) of Naesosa Buddhist Temple in Jeolla is especially noteworthy in that it bears similar patterns and techniques to that of the main building of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple in addition to the characteristics mentioned above. The Dancheong of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple must have exerted so great influences on that of the two temples that it's called "the style of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple."When adopting a broader point of view, it can be classified as one of the Dancheong styles of Jeolla. The common icons and techniques found in the Dancheong of Mihwangsa, Cheoneunsa, and Naesosa Buddhist Temple provide some clues about the influential relationships among painters of the days. They may have been created by the painters of the same school or the painters affected by those who created the Dancheong of Mihwangsa Buddhist Temple.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.13-19
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• 2019

Purpose Tc-99m HMPAO is widely used radiopharmaceutical for brain perfusion SPECT. Tc-99m HMPAO is chemically unstable and is liable to show deterioration of labeling efficiency due to high incidence of secondary Tc-99m HMPAO complex, free pertechnetate and reduced-hydrolyzed Tc-99m. In this study, we investigated whether sialogogues administration could reduce the impurities of Tc-99m HMPAO. Materials and Methods In thirty subjects(20 male and 10 female, age range 19~89 years, mean age $60.7{\pm}14.5years$), brain perfusion SPECT were performed at basal and citric acid stimulation states consecutively after injection of 555 MBq of Tc-99m HMPAO. In the salivary glands, the uptake coefficient was calculated using Siemens processing program. Statistical comparison between before and after the citric acid stimulation performed paired t-test. P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results Salivary glands uptake was $12900{\pm}3101$ counts in basal and $10677{\pm}2742$ counts in citric acid stimulation states. Unnecessary impurities in the body is much decreased after citric acid administration(t=10.78, P<0.05). The image quality was much improved after administration of citric acid and the regional cerebral perfusion was clearly from demarcated the background. Conclusion The impurity is distributed throughout the body particularly in the salivary glands and nasal mucosa when Tc-99m HMPAO brain perfusion SPECT is performed. If this impurities is not removed, the quality of the image may deteriorate, resulting in errors in visual evaluation. The use of sialogogues could be helpful for decreasing unnecessary impurities in the body.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2019

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA). This study was carried out to determine the change in active component content and antioxidant activity depending on the root diameter of AGN. Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. The recovery rates of each root parts per 100 kg were measured as $32.3{\pm}2.5$, $9.0{\pm}1.0$, $39.3{\pm}2.1$ and $15.0{\pm}1.0%$, respectively and the mean diameters were measured as $51.95{\pm}4.55$, $7.05{\pm}0.89$, $2.88{\pm}0.49$ and $1.57{\pm}0.32mm$. Two index components, D and DA, were analyzed. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). In addition, antioxidant activity was higher in B and TnR, and lower in TkR and MR than control. This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots and that TnR has excellent antioxidant activity compared to other root parts, suggesting that the thinner root part of AGN could be used as a potential material.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.67
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• pp.297-325
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• 2017

In this paper, the ideological features of Mohism were examined through the analysis into the viewpoint of Mohism on justice and benefit and "universal love" based on it. Even before the viewpoint on justice and benefit became a main agenda in Confucianism, Mohism and the Hundred Schools of Thought, there had been discussions on it, and the relation between "justice" and "benefit" was generally understood as that of means and ends(本末) or that of the thing and its functions(體用). What succeeded to this tendency and set it as an individual's moral standard was the viewpoint of Confucianism including Confucius. Of course, the Confucian view was focused on the politicians or leaders of those times. Compared to which, Mohism represented the stance of their group members and pursued the interest of groups and the society rather than that of individuals. Accordingly, while Confucianism considered "justice" more important than "benefit", Mohism could understand both of them unificatively. The crucial reason why Mohism could be most active during the Warring States Period is that it had its metaphysical basis on "the disposition of Providence." Accompanying this, the viewpoint of Mohism on justice and benefit was internally reflected in its key arguments including "universal love." That is so-called "Jianxiangai, Jiaoxiangli", that is to say, "that loving each other is namely benefiting each other." On the other hand, the fact that the viewpoint of Mohism on justice and benefit, and furthermore, the ideological foundation of its ten main arguments including universal love was "the disposition of Providence" became a double-edged sword. It was because it could be easily accepted by the laborers, farmers, and craftsmen consisting of Mohism of those times, but it instead became the reason for falling into ruins since the establishment of the feudal empire of Qin and Han(秦漢). In the feudal empire, the ideology and activities of Mohism as an individual group couldn't be embraced. For example, the way to set "Heaven"(the heavenly king) above "the sovereign ruler" might be a decisive limit to the legitimacy and rationality of the regime. Moreover, the arguments by Mohism, such as "Jieyong", "Jiezang", "Feiyue" and others couldn't be taken easily by the privileged class. Therefore, Mohism couldn't do any activities as an academic school until Seojedongjeom(西勢東漸) during the Qing dynasty later, and it was different from Confucianism. In brief, ideas of Mohism including universal love ended up as an utopian idea historically, but the conception of sharing mutual interest along with mutual love and consideration with Confucianism from the position of the relatively disadvantaged in the society has a value worthy of being appreciated even today.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2022

The agglomeration characteristics of coal and silica sand were investigated under various conditions using mixed samples consisting of coal, silica sand, and potassium hydroxide, which is an agglomeration accelerator. The samples were prepared by either physically mixing or using aqueous solutions. The experiments using the physically mixed powder samples were performed with a two hour reaction time. The results showed that the number of aggregates generated increased as the reaction temperature and the total potassium content increased. The experiments using aqueous solutions were performed at 880 ℃, which is the operating temperature of a fluidized bed boiler, and at 980 ℃, which assumes a local hot spot. The amount of agglomeration generated as the reaction time increased and the total potassium content increased was identified. In the experiment performed at 880 ℃, the amount of aggregate generated clearly increased with the reaction time, and in the experiment performed at 980 ℃, assuming a local hot spot, a large amount of aggregate was generated in a relatively short time. The aggregates became harder as the potassium content increased. When the total potassium content was less than 1.37 wt.%, the aggregates were weak at both temperatures and collapsed even with a slight impact. Additionally, the surface characteristics of the silica sand and ash aggregates were observed by SEM-EDS analysis. The analysis revealed a large amount of potassium at the bonding sites. This result indicates that there is a high possibility of aggregation in the form of a eutectic compound when the alkali component is increased.