• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.246-263
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• 2019

The stone Buddha statue of Sangunsa Temple at Bukhansan in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, is an excellent example of stone Buddha statues created in the late 15th century. On the base of the figure, there is an inscription, which informs that it was produced in 1497. In recognition of this significance, it was recently designated as a tangible cultural asset in Gyeonggi-do. Thus, this paper tried to evaluate the value of the statue by analyzing iconography and style. The characteristics of a typical 15th-century style that the Buddha statue of Sangunsa Temple shows are the form of ushnisha, the way clothes are worn, the form of a w-shaped chest muscle, and the simple lotus pedestal. On the other hand, the elongation of the waist and the disappearance of the waistband on undergarments are new forms of Buddha statues in the 16th century. Besides, parting the hair in the middle of the head and leaf-shaped short ribbon draped on undergarments are unique features that only appear on the statue of Sangunsa Temple. Sangunsa has been known to be built in the early 18th century based on Bukanji compiled by Seongneung in 1745, and Bongeunbonmalsaji composed in 1943. However, the statue was created in the late 15th century, before the establishment of the temple in the early 18th century. Therefore, this paper briefly reviewed the history of Sangunsa Temple, focusing on the initial period, referring to the historical sites and the relics that were passed on to the temple, as well as the literature records. The data newly referred to in the study are as follows: Sangunsa Stone Pagoda, presumed to be from the Goryeo Dynasty; the Stone Buddha Statue of Sangunsa; Wooden Amita Triad Buddha Statue of Sangunsa. According to the data and contrary to previously-held beliefs, Sangunsa Temple is believed to have been operating since the Goryeo Dynasty. It can be inferred through analysis of the stone Buddha statue of Sangunsa Temple that the size of the Temple before the 18th century was not very large.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1182-1187
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• 2005

This study was designed to investigate the supplementary effects of Lentinus edodes which were harvested at different time period and part on acetylcholine content and its related enzyme activities in the brain of diabetic mouse model (KK mouse). We fed mice with standard diet (Control diet; CON) or 4 different kinds of experimental diets (DGC: on time harvested, cap of Dong Go; DGS: on time harvested, stipe of Dong Go; HSC: late harvested, cap of Hyang Sin: HSS: late harvested, stipe of Hyang Sin) to KK mouse for 8 weeks. Neurotransmitter such as acetylcholine contents, acetylcholinesterase activities, monoamine oxidase-B ac-tivities and lipid peroxide contents in the brain were measured. The results showed that acetylcholine content was significantly higher in DGC and HSC groups than CON group. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B enzyme were significantly inhibited in the brain of DGC and HSC groups compared with CON group. Lipid peroxide content was lower in DGC group than CON group. These results suggested that the cap of Lentinus edodes which were harvested on time and late time contain increased acetylcholine content and decreased acetylcholinesterase activities, monoamine oxidase-B activities and lipid peroxide contents. Thus the cap of Lentinus edodes which were harvested at different time periods may play an effective role in enhancing cognitive function.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.95-102
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• 2005

The present study was performed to investigate the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Proly1 endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitory activities of plant extracts. The whole extract of Fragaria yezoensis inhibited the DPPH radical by $90.4\%$ and the stem of Gingko biloba, Gardenia jasminoides for. grandiflora and Rhododendron yedoensa var. poukhanene, the loaves of Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, Gardenia jasminoides for. grandiflora and Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurice, the fruit of Cornus officinalis, and the root of Gingko biloba showed high DPPH radical scavenging activities. In the case of PEP inhibitory activities, high inhibition was observed in the whole Plant of Fragaria ananassa, Fragaria yezoensis and Hypericum erectum, the stem of Actinidia arguta and Rhododendron yedoensa var. poukhanese, the leaves of Rhododendron yedoensa var. poukhanense and Rosa davurica, the fruit of Cornus officinalis. and the root of Acer okamotoanum. There was significant correlation (P=0.000) between DPPH radical scavenging and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activities, thus some of plant extracts such as whole Fragaria yezoensis, fruit of Cornus officinalis had high activities in both DPPH-scavenging and prolyl endopeptidase inhibition. Therefore, it is required to examine the mechanical interaction between DPPH-scavenging and prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activities and further studying plant extracts with both these activities is desired to develop agents for preventing and treating of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.133-139
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• 2005

Fruiting bodies of Cordyceps have been regarded as popular folk and effective medicines to treat human diseases such as asthma, bronchial and lung inflammation, and kidney disease. Cordyceps pruinosa (Clavicipitaceae; Hypocreales; Ascomycotina) has received special attention for medicinal purpose due to its various physiological activites. The nucleoside derivative N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA) isolated from it showed a $Ca^{2+}$ antagonistic effect and negative inotropic response. The artificial production of fruiting body of C. pruinosa has not been tried successfully yet by using living silkworm substrate. To develop techniques for the production of C. pruinosa stromata on a large scale, the infection of Bombyx mori with C. pruinosa and the growth characteristics of stroma of C. pruinosa were investigated. Also, studied about biological activities of fruiting body formed on silkworm. Infection rate of the silkworm pupae with C. pruinosa was the highest in injection inoculation. The formation of the fruiting body of C. pruinosa was quite good in the room controlled at $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, over 91% of relative humidity and over 1500 lx. Glucose concentration was high in the fruiting bodies of the silkworm pupae infected with C. pruinosa on a dry weight basis. The most abundant amino acid in the fruiting bodies was arginine and phenylalanine. The fruiting bodies of silkworm pupae infected with C. pruinosa was rich in oleic acid. The high amount of citric acid was found in the fruiting bodies of silkworm pupae infected with C. pruinosa.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1467-1474
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• 2012

The purpose of study was to introduce menus consisting of traditional local foods consumed in Busan, Korea. Five different types of formal meal menus with three side dishes and five different types of informal meal menus of which the main dish was not cooked rice were developed. Scores for the menu evaluations of formal and informal meals were higher than 7.9 (mean score of 6 category) on a 9.0 scale, suggesting that the menus were well constituted in terms of 'repeated use of ingredients and cooking methods', 'balance between main and side dishes', 'frequency of usage of local products', 'nutritional balance', 'variety of dishes', and 'popularization'. Nutritional values of menus were compared with those of the KDRI for men aged 30~49 years old. All ten menus reflected a low calorie, high protein, and high fiber diet. Mineral contents (Ca, Fe, Zn, K, and Na) of the above 10 menus were higher than those of the KDRI. On the other hand, vitamin contents slightly differed according to meal type due to limited fresh vegetable usage in the winter season. Vitamin A, B ($B_1$, $B_2$, niacin, $B_6$), C, folic acid, and E contents in the five informal menus were found to be proper or greater than those of the KDRI. However, for the formal meal menus, all vitamin contents except that of vitamin A in menu type I was lower than that of the KDRI. Content of vitamin C in menu type V was approximately 50% of that of the KDRI. The most preferred formal menu was consisted of Ogokbap, Boreumjijimi, Dongchimi, Namul (nine varieties), Gaksaeksanjeok (Shark/Daegu/Gunso), and Gimgui. And that for informal menu was consisted of Honghapjuk, Baechu kimchi, Dongchimi, Miyeokseolchi, Kodari jorim, and Neulgeun hobakjeon. Suggestions for providing more fresh vegetables or fruits for certain types of meals (formal meal type V) were offered. Additionally, pre-preparation of sea products were required to reduce Na contents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1159-1170
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• 2000

It is necessary to improve the ambient air quality through the proper treatment and control of pollutants by designating air pollutants to regulatory ones. Especially, human took a concern for particulate matters which raised visibility reduction, public health effects and injury of property for urban areas. In order to reduce the effect of particulate matters, we need to establish proper control strategies based on the concentration characteristics of particulate matters. In this study. to evaluate the characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$. thirty-eight samples of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were collected at Nam-Gu sampling site where continuous air monitoring system has been operated, from May, 1999 to November, 1999, and their concentrations for the mass and anion components($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$) were analyzed. The important conclusions obtained in this study were as followings. Total average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were 35.016 and $50.293{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. and $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was calculated 0.692. Total average concentrations of anion components in $PM_{2.5}$ were $1.581(Cl^-)$, $3.690(NO_3{^-})$ and $12.825(SO_4{^{2-}}){\mu}g/m^3$ and those in $PM_{10}$ were $2.471(Cl^-)$, $5.819(NO_3{^-})$ and $14.414(SO_4{^{2-}}){\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. From the correlations analysis. the correlation coefficient between mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ was calculated as 0.945. The correlation coefficients between $PM_{2.5}$ and anion components were analyzed as $Cl^-$(0.025), $NO_3{^-}$(0.788) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$(0.500) respectively, and the correlation coefficients between $PM_{10}$ and anion components were analyzed as $Cl^-$(-0.019), $NO_3{^-}$(0.806) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$)(0.535) respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2001

A strain of Dictyophora echinovolvata ASI 32002 showing good fruiting body formation was selected. Analyses of chemical and nutritional components as well as antimicrobial activity of different parts of the mushroom such as mycelium, egg, and fruiting body were carried out. There were differences in the chemical compositions and the quantities depending on developmental stages of veiled lady mushroom, D. echinovolvata ASI 32002. Nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium in inorganic chemicals were abundant in mycelium, and potassium and mineral elements were abundant in the egg and fruiting body. Mannitol and trehalose were abundant in free sugar contents. Glutamic acid and arginine in mycelium and aspartic acid and glutamic acid in egg and fruiting body were abundant in free amino acid contents. Linoleic acid, an polyunsaturated fatty acid, was abundant in all parts of the Dictyophora species, but compositions and quantities of other fatty acids varied depending on the different parts of the mushroom. It was detected that malic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid in mycelium, formic acid, acetic acid and fumaric acid in egg, and malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid in fruiting body were abundant. The methanol extracts of D. echinovolvata ASI 32002 mycelium showed antifungal activity with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of $62{\sim}125\;{\mu}g/ml$ that was similar levels of cyclohexamide against Aspergillus awamori, Hypocrea nigricance and Trichoderma virens. The MIC of extracts from mycelium and fruiting body against Candida albicans was $250\;{\mu}g/ml$, similar to that of tetracycline. In addition to the above results, further as food additives and ingredient of cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.749-755
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of rice starch extracted from stale rice using alkaline steeping (AKL) and improved enzymatic digestion (iENZ) methods. The crude protein content (0.5-0.7%) of stale rice starch (SRS) was less than 1% by iENZ, but not so when measured by the existing ENZ methods. SRS is an intermediate amylose rice starch. AKL-SRS and iENZ-SRS exhibited typical A-type crystal packing arrangements with similar relative crystallinities. iENZ-SRS showed higher gelatinization onset and peak temperatures with a narrower gelatinization temperature range, compared to those of AKL-SRS, indicating that iENZ annealed SRS. Thus, iENZ-SRS exhibited lower swelling power and solubility, and higher pasting viscosities with delayed viscosity development. Overall, the use of stale rice as a rice starch source could make economical production of rice starch possible, and iENZ may diversify rice starch characteristics, which expands the utilization of rice starch in food and non-food industries.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.83-98
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• 2021

The purpose of this study to find the factors influencing the fire alarms using IoT firefighting facility management system data of Seoul Fire & Disaster Headquarters, and to present academic implications for establishing an effective prevention system of fire situation. As the number of high and complex buildings increases and former bulidings are advanced, the fire detection facilities that can quickly respond to emergency situations are also increasing. However, if the accuracy of the fire situation is incorrectly detected and the accuracy is lowered, the inconvenience of the residents increases and the reliability decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to improve accuracy of the system through efficient inspection and the internal environment investigation of buildings. The purpose of this study is to find out that false detection may occur due to building characteristics such as usage or time, and to aim of emphasizing the need for efficient system inspection and controlling the internal environment. As a result, it is found that the size(total area) of the building had the greatest effect on the fire alarms, and the fire alarms increased as private buildings, R-type receivers, and a large number of failure or shutoff days. In addition, factors that influencing fire alarms were different depending on the main usage of the building. In terms of time, it was found to follow people's daily patterns during weekdays(9 am to 6 pm), and each peaked around 10 am and 2 pm. This study was claimed that it is necessary to investigate the building environment that caused the fire alarms, along with the system internal inspection. Also, it propose additional recording of building environment data in real-time for follow-up research and system enhancement.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.52-77
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• 2016

A spirit tablet of king Guan Yu is enshrined in Donggwanwangmyo shrine[East Shrine of King Guan Yu], which houses 51 hanging boards. The hanging boards were written by the kings of Joseon Dynasty and envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most studies on hanging boards have been focused on the collections of the palaces but not on those in Donggwanwangmyo shrine. In this regard, this study researches the hanging boards of the kings' writings in the late Joseon period and analyzes their forms and contents. In terms of contents, it examines who made the boards, when they made them, and what brought them to make them, etc. This study analyzes the forms of hanging boards by types, used materials, and periodic transition of forms. The findings are as follows. First, Donggwanwangmyo shrine houses 7 pieces of hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwriting: one piece of King Sukjong, 4 pieces of King Yeongjo, and 2 pieces of Emperor Gojong. They are divided into two types: one is the name of the buildings and the other is the poems that the kings wrote regarding what they felt when they visited the shrine. Especially, the latter were written by the kings who visited the shrine in spring and autumn. The kings intended to promote peace of royal family through a sense of royalty and fidelity of King Guan Yu. Second, the hanging boards of the kings are differentiated from those of the envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in materials and forms. The background of the board is colored by blue, deep red lacquer color, and black lacquer color, which are more expensive than black color or white color. The hanging boards are embossed with the kings' handwritings and then colored with gold. The frame-style four-side hanging board is held at a 45-degree angle and painted with floral patterns and seven-treasure patterns in Dancheong technique. The left and right sides and the top and bottom sides of the board are decorated with Dang-cho pattern(Korean arabesque pattern). This style is called "quadrilateral"and considered the most classy and top-class among the other three ones. In conclusion, this study confirms the status of Donggwanwangmyo shrine with hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwritings as a political space where kings had interest and demanded their soldiers' royalty and fidelity. Research into the boards inscribed with the handwritings of envoys of the Ming Dynasty and generals of the Qing Dynasty, and the comparison of the styles and periodic transition of forms will be reserved for another study.