• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.76-84
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• 2013

An adequate downscaling of the official forecasts of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) is a prerequisite to improving the value and utility of agrometeorological information in rural areas, where complex terrain and small farms constitute major features of the landscape. In this study, we suggest a simple correction scheme for scaling down the KMA temperature forecasts from mesoscale (5 km by 5 km) to the local scale (30 m by 30 m) across a rural catchment, especially under temperature inversion conditions. The study area is a rural catchment of $50km^2$ area with complex terrain and located on a southern slope of Mountain Jiri National Park. Temperature forecasts for 0600 LST on 62 days with temperature inversion were selected from the fall 2011-spring 2012 KMA data archive. A geospatial correction scheme which can simulate both cold air drainage and the so-called 'thermal belt' was used to derive the site-specific temperature deviation across the study area at a 30 m by 30 m resolution from the original 5 km by 5 km forecast grids. The observed temperature data at 12 validation sites within the study area showed a substantial reduction in forecast error: from ${\pm}2^{\circ}C$ to ${\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in the mean error range and from $1.9^{\circ}C$ to $1.6^{\circ}C$ in the root mean square error. Improvement was most remarkable at low lying locations showing frequent cold pooling events. Temperature prediction error was less than $2^{\circ}C$ for more than 80% of the observed inversion cases and less than $1^{\circ}C$ for half of the cases. Temperature forecasts corrected by this scheme may accelerate implementation of the freeze and frost early warning service for major fruits growing regions in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find a scheme to scale down the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) digital precipitation maps to the grid cell resolution comparable to the rural landscape scale in Korea. As a result, we suggest two steps procedure called RATER (Radar Assisted Topography and Elevation Revision) based on both radar echo data and a mountain precipitation model. In this scheme, the radar reflection intensity at the constant altitude of 1.5 km is applied first to the KMA local analysis and prediction system (KLAPS) 5 km grid cell to obtain 1 km resolution. For the second step the elevation and topography effect on the basis of 270 m digital elevation model (DEM) which represented by the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) is applied to the 1 km resolution data to produce the 270 m precipitation map. An experimental watershed with about $50km^2$ catchment area was selected for evaluating this scheme and automated rain gauges were deployed to 13 locations with the various elevations and slope aspects. 19 cases with 1 mm or more precipitation per day were collected from January to May in 2013 and the corresponding KLAPS daily precipitation data were treated with the second step procedure. For the first step, the 24-hour integrated radar echo data were applied to the KLAPS daily precipitation to produce the 1 km resolution data across the watershed. Estimated precipitation at each 1 km grid cell was then regarded as the real world precipitation observed at the center location of the grid cell in order to derive the elevation regressions in the PRISM step. We produced the digital precipitation maps for all the 19 cases by using RATER and extracted the grid cell values corresponding to 13 points from the maps to compare with the observed data. For the cases of 10 mm or more observed precipitation, significant improvement was found in the estimated precipitation at all 13 sites with RATER, compared with the untreated KLAPS 5 km data. Especially, reduction in RMSE was 35% on 30 mm or more observed precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1977

In order to study the availability of soil P and applied P to rice plant under water-logged system, a pot experiment with five soils having different levels of available P (24, 64, 100, 144 and 231 ppm) under four levels of applied P (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm) was conducted. The availability of P was measured in terms of plant performance and the behaviors of P in soils were studied through the fractionation of various forms of P and by measuring the adsorption and desorption characteristics. The results are summarized us following. 1. The rice plant responded to applied P in the soils containing less than 144 ppm of available P as measured by Lancaster's method in terms of number of tillers in early growth stages. However, when the response of rice plant to applied P was evaluated in terms of grain yield there was no response even in the soil containing 24 ppm of available P. 2. Applied P was fixed as Al-P at the early stages and converted into Fe-P at later stages. 3. The P adsorption maxima of soils measured by Langmuir's isotherm ranged from 70 to 100mg/100g. No relationships between the level of available P and P adsorption maxima were observed. 4. There was a trend that the higher the level of available P, the higher the release of water soluble p. 5. The reduction of soil increased the level of available P by the factor of 1.8 times of air dried soils.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2016

Batteries are used for main power engine in the fields such as mobiles, electric vehicles and unmanned submarines, for starter and lamp driver in general automotive, for emergency electric source in ship. These days, lead-acid and the lithium ion batteries are increasingly used in the fields of the secondary battery, and the lead-acid battery has a low price and safety comparatively, The lithium ion battery has a high energy density, excellent output characteristics and long life, whereas it has the risk of explosion by reacting with moisture in the air. But Recently, due to the development of waterproof, fireproof, dustproof technology, lithium batteries are widely used, particularly, because their usages are getting wider enough to be used as a power source for hybrid ship and electric propulsion ship, it is necessary to manage more strictly. Hybrid ship has power supply units connected to the packets to produce more than 500kWh large power source, and therefore, A number of the communication modules and wires need to implement the wire inspection and monitor system(WIIMS) that allows monitoring server to transmit detecting voltage, current and temperature data, which is required for the management of the batteries. This paper implements a low price type wireless inspection and monitoring system(WILIMS) of the lithium ion battery for hybrid vessels using BLE wireless communication modules and power line modem( PLM), which have the advantages of low price, no electric lines compared to serial communication inspection systems(SCIS). There are state of charge(SOC), state of health(SOH) in inspection parts of batteries, and proposed system will be able to prevent safety accidents because it allows us to predict life time and make a preventive maintenance by checking them at regular intervals.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.10 s.255
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• pp.680-684
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• 2005

Background: With the increasing age of the population, coronary artery bypass grafting in the elderly patients is becoming common. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has been proven to be less morbidity and to facilitate early recovery. The elderly patients may have benefits by avoiding the adverse effects of the cardiopulmonary bypass. The purpose of this study is to evaluate our results of OPCAB in elderly patients. Material and Method: A retrospective chart review was carried out for 12 patients aged over 80 years who underwent isolated OPCAB from January 2001 and March 2004. Data were collected risk factors for disease, extent of coronary disease, and in-hospital outcomes. Postoperative graft patiency was evaluated in 9 patients by multi-slice computed tomography. Result: Eleven patients had triple vessel disease or left main disease. Four patients were suffered from preoperative CVA, and 4 patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Two patients had myocardial infarction (MI), among them 1 patient was suffered from pulmonary edema after preoperative MI. There was no perioperative death, perioperative MI, and no ventricular arrhythmia. Also there was no perioperative stroke and renal failure. But there was one deep sternal infection who recovered by treating of muscle flap. Atrial fibrillation was newly developed in 1 patient, but was well controlled by medication. Mean intubation time was $15.9\pm4.4(8\~20hrs)$ hrs and mean ICU stay was $2.9\pm0.8(2\~4 days)$ days. Mean hospital day was $21.6\pm14.3(13\~56 days)$ days. Postoperative mean CK-MS was $11.3\pm14.1\;ng/mL$. Early postoperative graft patency rate was $100\%(24/24)$. Follow-up was completed in all patients. In this time, there was no patients with angina or death. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that OPCAB reduces morbidity and favors hospital outcomes. Therefore, OPCAB is safe, reasonable and might be preferable operative strategy in elderly patients.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.201-207
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• 1974

Some effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and respiratory inhibitor on growth of rice plant and activity of GOT, GPT and peroxidase for the rice root were investigated. Obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. Growth of rice root and plant applied with $NO_3$-N in culture solution was generally increased in the length and weight compared with that of $NH_4$-N plot. On the other hand, the GOT, GPT and peroxidase activity was more increased in the $NH_4$-N plot than in the $NO_3$-N plot. 2. Oxidative power of ${\alpha}$-naphthylamine in rice root was stronger in the $NO_3$-N plot than in the $NH_4$-N plot. 3. When rice plant was cultured in the medium which did not supplied nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium, respectively, GOT activity was more decreased than GPT activity, while peroxidase activity was increased mostly in the potassium-free plot. 4. When rice plant was cultivated in the culture solution added respiratory inhibitor, NaF, plant height was shortened in the order of nitrogen-free > $NH_4$-H > urea-N > $NO_3$-N plot, and GOT and GPT activity was also decreased in the order of nitrogen-free > $NH_4$-N > urea-N > $NO_3$-N plot.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2002

Objectives : Stress induces alteration of gastrointestinal function in which interleukin (IL) and hypothalamo-pituitary-axis are involved. Depression again is associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and interleukins. The author attempted to look into the role of interleukins in the FGID also the association of depression and stress in this context. Methods : Entered were 20 patients with FGID, diagnosed by Rome IT criteria and 20 healthy controls. Depression was measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and stress of the last one year by Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE). Serum levels of IL-$1\beta$, IL-2, IL-6 were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and serum cortisol by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. The results were as follows : Results: 1) Serum levels of IL-$1\beta$, IL-2 were significantly lower in the patients with FGID than those in the controls, but level of IL-6 did not differ between two groups. 2) The patient group showed significantly higher level of serum cortisol as well as higher degrees of depression and stress. 3) Positive correlation was noted between depression and serum cortisol, and between depression and IL-2. A trend of negative correlation was seen between depression IL-$1\beta$. Positive correlation was noted between SRE and IL-6 and IL-6 and serum cortisol. Conclusions : It was concluded that FGID might be related to depression and stress. Changes of the interleukins might be involved with elevated cortisol level.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.37-72
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• 2016

In the aerospace field, besides special purpose airplanes, contracts for supply of various types of products such as prototypes, unmanned aerial vehicles and space launch vehicles are increasing. In the case of the contractor, it was planned to spend a large amount of money to supply the production, but if the purchase specification that presents the quality and performance standard of the product is poor or lacks the capacity to judge the performance, consuming enormous amounts of time and money. Even if the undertaker does not have the ability to supply the products with the required performance and quality to achieve the purpose of the contract, he/she must pay the cost of burial due to the incompleteness of the work and the compensation for the cancellation of the contract. In this case, the defendant ordered the plaintiff to supply the aircraft by the Happy Box method, which is capable of ILS Offset flight as specified in the Purchase Specification, but the plaintiff attempted to supply the aircraft by the RNAV method. Although the ILS ground signal can be inspected by the RNAV method, the aircraft manufactured in the manner claimed by the plaintiff does not have the ILS Offset flight function required by the purchase specification, so the defendant can not achieve the purpose required by the purchase specification. It was a question of whether a defendant's cancellation of contract was legitimate. The aircraft, which is the object of this contract, is a subordinate substitute, so the case contract is of undertaking. Therefore, in order to complete the work in this contract, the major structural parts of the aircraft must be manufactured as agreed and have the performance generally required in the social sense. However, the aircraft delivered by the plaintiff has serious defects because the defendant can not achieve the purpose required by the purchase specification due to the lack of the ILS Offset flight function required by the purchase specification. This deficiency is impossible for the plaintiff to repair, so the defendant 's cancellation of the contract is legitimate.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2004

High-flow gas insufflation to get a bloodless field during off-pump coronary artery bypass may have adverse effects on the coronary endothelium. This study was designed (1) to elucidate the effect of carbon dioxide gas insufflations on the coronary endothelium at different flow rates and (2) to assess the protective effect of humidifcation against the coronary endothelial damage. Material and Method: In nine pigs, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was exposed after a median sternotomy. The LAD was divided into 4 segments and a coronary arteriotomy was made in each LAD segment in the beating heart. The far distal arteriotomy was exposed to room air for 10 minutes and was harvested as a control. Non-humidified carbon dioxide gas at a continuous flow rate of 5 L/min (Group I), humidified carbon dioxide gas at a continuous flow rate of 5 L/min (Group II), and humidified carbon dioxide gas at a continuous flow rate of 10 L/min (Group III) were insufflated for 10 minutes on each coronary arteriotomy site, respectively. After harvesting the coronary segments, hematoxylin-eosin staining, elastic fiber staining, and immunostaining with a CD34 monoclonal antibody were performed to evaluate the depth of endothelial damage and to count the residual endothelial cells, Result: In all three groups (Group I, II, and III), internal elastic laminae were preserved, however, the endothelial layers were significantly damaged by carbon dioxide gas insufflation. The mean percentages of remaining endothelial cells were 20,9$\pm$16.7%, 39.3$\pm$19.6%, and 6.8$\pm$5.3%, in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The percentages of remaining cells were significantly higher in group II than in groups I and III (p=0.008). The percentages of remaining cells were significantly higher in group I than in group III (p=0.008). Conclusions: The harmful effect of carbon dioxide gas insufflation on the coronary endothelium was dependent on the flow rate. The addition of humidification did not protect the coronary endothelium from denudation injury caused by high flow carbon dioxide gas insufflations.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2007

Purpose: In gastric cancer patients with gastric outlet obstruction, there are several complications such as malnutrition and vomiting. Palliative enteral stenting is a less invasive procedure as compared with a gastrojejunostomy. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference between patients that undergone palliative enteral slanting and patients that had received a bypass gastrojejunostomy. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients underwent palliative entering stenting and 3f patients were subjected to a surgical bypass gastrojejunostomy. We reviewed the medical records of the patients with gastric outlet obstruction secondary to far advanced gastric cancer that were diagnosed using a gastrofibroscope, UGI and abdominal CT, and were admitted to our institution between January 2000 and August 2006. The outcome of stent placement for gastric outlet obstruction was compared with palliative gastrojejunostomy during the same period. We excluded patients with recurrent gastric cancer and double cancer from this study. Results: There were significant differences between the group of patients that underwent slanting and the group of patients that received a gastrojejunostomy regarding the age of patients ($67{\pm}12$ vs. $57{\pm}9$, P<0.001) but not between the sex of the patients (M : F, 2 : 1 vs. 2 :1, P=0.637). The most common complication of stenting was tumor ingrowth (16/100, 16%) and the second most common complication was stent migration (14/100). Failure of the procedure occurred in only three patients. Twenty-three patients underwent re-slanting and one patient required open conversion with a gastrojejunostomy. The median time to the first meal was $4{\pm}2$ days in the stent group of patients and $6{\pm}2$ days in the gastrojejunostomy group of patients (P=0.001). The median postoperative hospital stays were 9 days in the stent group of patients and 15 days in the gastrojejunostomy group of patients (P=0.003). The mean survival periods were 11 months in the stent group of patients and 10 months in the gastrojejunostomy group of patients (P=0.937). Conclusion: There were no significant differences In the mean survival rates. An earlier first meal and a shorter hospitalization stay were found in the slanting group of patients compared to the bypass gastrojejunostomy group of patients. However, re-slanting was a concern due to tumor ingrowth and stent migration.