• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of open and closed kinetic chain exercises with a sling on neck flexor thickness during chin-in movement in office workers with forward head posture. Methods: Thirty-one selected subjects randomly performed chin-in movement in open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises using a sling. All subjects were measured for their neck flexor thickness using ultrasound measurement equipment during the performance of chin-in movement in open and closed kinetic chain exercised. A paired t-test was used to compare the thickness of the total neck flexor, superficial, and deep neck flexor, respectively, between open and closed kinetic chain exercises with chin-in movement. Results: The thickness of the superficial neck flexor diminished in size more greatly during the chin-in movement with the closed kinetic chain than the open kinetic chain, but this was not a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the thickness of the total neck flexor and deep neck flexor had more greatly increased during the chin-in movement with the closed kinetic chain than the open kinetic chain, and this was a statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggested that chin-in movement with a closed kinetic chain is more effective in activating the deep neck flexor than the open kinetic chain. Thus, we believe that the closed kinetic chain exercise using a sling is an effective intervention to correct the postural alignment of individuals with forward head posture.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2017

A fire phenomenon of a solid such as wood involves a phenomenon in which solid is heated from the outside and the gas generated through the thermal pyrolysis process of the material is burnt. The thermal pyrolysis phenomenon of the solid is a phenomenon in which the amount of energy incident from the outside, the amount of heat dissipation of the solid material, the heat transfer between the solid material and the surroundings including the amount of heat transfer to the air adjacent to the solid surface, and the fraction of oxygen in the air. In this paper, we calculate the required ignition temperature to simulate the fire phenomenon as simple as possible. By using cone calorimeter, the ignition time was measured by variously controlling the heat flux flowing into the wood specimen by using various wood specimens. The user friendly program is developed for calculation of the ignition temperature. Five different woods such as low density MDF, high density MDF, plywood, douglas fir and PB with various thickness are considered. The ignition temperatures suggested in this paper can be used for fire propagation analysis for woods.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.88-97
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• 2024

Background: This study was to investigate effects of Correlation Analysis between Cervical-Vertebra Angle and Neck Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, Sternocleidomastoid Thickness of Patients with Forward Head Posture Design: Correlation Analysis. Methods: The subjects of this study were a total of 54 people in the forward head position and their ages were between 30 and 50 years old. The subjects cranio-vertebral angles, neck extension, neck flexion, neck rotation angles, neck flexor strength, neck extensor strength, sternocleidomastoid thickness were evaluated through measuring instruments. The thickness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was measured using an imaging ultrasound diagnostic device (ultra sound, Versana Premier, GE Medical systems, China). CVA was measured by measuring the side photo of the subject was taken with a camera and evaluated.. neck joint range of motion was measured through digital inclinometer for extension, flexion, and neck rotation. neck muscle strength was measured by measuring the using a digital sthenometer. Data analysis in this study was statistically processed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., USA). Correlation analysis was used and the statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The results neck extension(r= 0.70^**), neck flexion(r= 0.67^**), neck rotation(r= 0.56^**), neck extensor muscle strengt(r= 0.85^**), neck flexor muscle strength(r= 0.66^**), sternocleidomastoid thicknes(r= -0.81^**) It indicates that there is a correlation. Conclusion:These results improve the Cervical-vertebra angle of patients with forward head posture should include a program to improve the thickness of the SCM. In the future, study can be used as an evidentiary material for treatment interventions to improve the Cervical-vertebra angle of patients with forward head posture.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.493-503
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• 2019

This study is composed of nine treatments [Control : "no neutralizing layer+vegetation layer" 3 cm, Treatment 1 : "no neutralizing layer+vegetation layer" 5 cm, Treatment 2 : "no neutralizing layer+vegetation layer" 7 cm, Treatment 3 :"neutralizing layer (cement 3 %)+ vegetation layer (cement 1 %)" 3 cm, Treatment 4 : "neutralizing layer (cement 3 %)+vegetation layer (cement 1 %)" 5 cm, Treatment 5 : "neutralizing layer (cement 3 %)+vegetation layer (cement 1 %)" 7 cm, Treatment 6 : "neutralizing layer [$(Ca{\cdot}Mg)CO_3$] +vegetation layer" 3 cm, Treatment 7 : "neutralizing layer [$(Ca{\cdot}Mg)CO_3$]+vegetation layer" 5 cm, Treatment 8 : "neutralizing layer [$(Ca{\cdot}Mg)CO_3$]+vegetation layer" 7 cm] to find out the vegetation effects according to neutralizing layer types of the acid drainage slope. There were no significant differences observed in soil hardness and soil moisture content of neutralizing layer type while highly difference of moisture content was observed according to the neutralizing and vegetation layer thickness. As for soil acidity, strong acid was shown in the control, treatment 1 and treatment 2. Neutralizing effects were outstanding in treatments of 3, 4, 5 (cement treatment group), 6, 7 and 8 (limestone treatment group). Concerning plants growth characteristics, surface coverage rates, number of germinating woody plants, plant height, and plant root status, there were excellent effects observed in the experimental groups mixed with cement (treatments 3, 4 and 5) and limestone (treatments 6, 7 and 8). At the initial stage, however, plant roots were negatively affected in cement layer treatments of 3, 4 and 5. However, no difference was shown in each layer thickness on the acid drainage slope whereas 3~5 cm thickness neutralizing layer was appropriate in consideration of economic feasibility.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.568-575
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• 1991

The morpho-anatomical characteristics of panicle in rice plant is generally correlated with the number of spikelets and grain weight per panicle. For the increase of grain yield potential in rice, a low -tillering plant type with large panicles has been suggested as an ideotype. This study was conducted to investigate the panicle morphology and peduncle anatomy of different tillers within a plant in low -and high-tillering cultivars and their relationships on the number of spikelets and grain weight per panicle. A low-tillering, large panicled IR25588 was compared with a high-tillering. small panicled IR58. IR25588 had more inner(IVB) and outer vascular bundles (OVB). bigger peduncle diameter and peduncle thickness just below the panicle neck node than IR58. The top six tillers(M. P1, P2, P3. P4 and S1P2) within a plant had more IVB and OVB. larger peduncle diameter and thickness than the rest of the tillers in both cultivars. Tillers that emerged earlier had more IVB and OVB than tillers that emerged Jater. The total number of primary and secondary rachis-branches of IR25588 was much higher than that of IR58. IR25588 had more number of spikelets per panicle than IR58. and the top six panicles showed more spikelets per panicle than the rest of the panicles in both cultivars. The peduncle diameter was more important than peduncle thickness on the spikelet differentiation and panicle weight. especially in low-tillering cultivars. The number of IVB and OVB were highly correlated with the number of rachis-branches. spikelets and grain weight per panicle. The number of spikelets per IVB and spikelets per primary branch were higher in IR25588 than IR58 indicating the higher sink strength in low -tillering with large panicled cultivars than in high-tillering with small panicled cultivars. Based on the morpho-anatomical characteristics of a low-tillering cultivar and the top six tillers within a plant. the present results could be support that 'a low-tillering sturdy culms with large panicles' is an ideo-type of rice plant for increasing grain yield potential.potential.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

Purpose: The sufficiency of skin dose and the reemergence of patient set-up position to the success of skin cancer radiation treatment is a very important element. But the conventional methods to increase the skin dose were used to vacuum cushion, bolus and water tank have several weak points. For this reason, we producted Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion and evaluated the efficiency of the Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion in skin cancer Radiation treatment. Materials and Methods: We measured absolute dose for 3 materials (Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion, bolus and solid water phantom) and compared each dose distribution. We irradiated 6 MV 100 MU photon radiation to every material of 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm thickness at three times. We measured absolute dose and compared dose distribution. Finally we inspected the CT simulation and radiation therapy planing using the Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion. Results: Absolute dose of Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion was similar to absolute dose of bolus and solid water phantom's result in each thickness. it Showed only the difference of 0.1~0.2% between each material. Also the same result in dose distribution comparison. About 97% of the dose distribution was within the margin of error in the prescribed ranges ($100{\pm}3%$), and achieved the enough skin dose (Gross Tumor Volume dose : $100{\pm}5%$) in radiation therapy planing. Conclusion: We evaluated important fact that Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion is no shortage of time to replace the soft tissue equivalent material and normal vacuum cushion at the low energy radiation transmittance. Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion can simultaneously achieve the enough skin dose in radiation therapy planing with maintaining normal vacuum cushion' function. Therefore as above We think that Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion is very useful in skin cancer radiation treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1082-1089
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• 2005

Purpose : Abdominal obesity is encountered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the anthropometric cut-off value to estimate the cardiovascular risk, has not been suggested. This study was designed to find the relationship between the abdominal fat and various parameters of obesity to find the cardiovascular risk factors related to abdominal obesity and to establish practical methods to measure them. Methods : Twenty seven obese Korean adolescents of moderate to severe degree and 22 healthy adolescents were enrolled. The body mass index(BMI), arm circumference and skinfold thickness were measured. Furthermore, blood lipid, sugar, insulin and four different cytokines' levels were checked and the distribution of body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat thickness by abdominal ultrasonography(US) and the total and intra-abdominal fat area by abdominal computerized tomography(CT) were measured in the obese group. Results : The most accurate method to measure abdominal fat in children is abdominal CT and the fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance was strongly correlated with it(r=0.954). It was also correlated with arm circumference, fat thickness measured by abdominal US, BMI, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and triglyceride level. Conclusion : Abdominal CT is the most accurate method to measure intra-abdominal fat, and it can be replaced by abdominal US for cost effectiveness. The screening methods that can be used at school or in outpatient basis include bioelectrical impedance, waist/hip ratio, and arm circumference. The cardiovascular risk factors include leptin, triglyceride and insulin level.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2015

Purpose : This study presents the usefulness assessment of secondary shield for the lens exposure dose reduction during radiation treatment of peripheral orbit. Materials and Methods : We accomplished IMRT treatment plan similar with a real one through the computed treatment planning system after CT simulation using human phantom. For the secondary shield, we used Pb plate (thickness 3mm, diameter 25mm) and 3 mm tungsten eye-shield block. And we compared lens dose using OSLD between on TPS and on simulation. Also, we irradiated 200 MU(6 MV, SPD(Source to Phantom Distance)=100 cm, $F{\cdot}S\;5{\times}5cm$) on a 5cm acrylic phantom using the secondary shielding material of same condition, 3mm Pb and tungsten eye-shield block. And we carried out the same experiment using 8cm Pb block to limit effect of leakage & transmitted radiation out of irradiation field. We attached OSLD with a 1cm away from the field at the side of phantom and applied a 3mm bolus equivalent to the thickness of eyelid. Results : Using human phantom, the Lens dose on IMRT treatment plan is 315.9cGy and the real measurement value is 216.7cGy. And after secondary shield using 3mm Pb plate and tungsten eye-shield block, each lens dose is 234.3, 224.1 cGy. The result of a experiment using acrylic phantom, each value is 5.24, 5.42 and 5.39 cGy in case of no block, 3mm Pb plate and tungsten eye-shield block. Applying O.S.B out of the field, each value is 1.79, 2.00 and 2.02 cGy in case of no block, 3mm Pb plate and tungsten eye-shield block. Conclusion : When secondary shielding material is used to protect critical organ while irradiating photon, high atomic number material (like metal) that is near by critical organ can be cause of dose increase according to treatment region and beam direction because head leakage and collimator & MLC transmitted radiation are exist even if it's out of the field. The attempt of secondary shield for the decrease of exposure dose was meaningful, but untested attempt can have a reverse effect. So, a preliminary inspection through Q.A must be necessary.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2000

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and abdominal ultrasonogra- phic(US) features of spontaneously reduced transient small bowel intussusception in chlidren. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and US findings of 98 children with intussusception who were admitted to the Pediatric Department of Ulsan Dong-Kang General Hospital from Mar. 1999 to Feb. 2000. Results: 1) Among 98 cases, there were 12 cases (12.3%) of transient small bowel intussusception(TSBI) and 86 cases (87.7%) of classic intussusception (CI). 2) The peak incidence of age in TSBI was over 3 years, which was older than that in CI. With regard to sex distribution, male predominated in both type. 3) Clinical symptoms and signs including cyclic irritability, vomiting, bloody stool, and abdominal mass in TSBI group were less common than those in CI group (41.7%, 33.4%, 0.0%, 0.0% vs 91.9%, 59.3%, 41.9%, 26.7%, respectively) but persistent abdominal pain was more common in TSBI group than in CI group (58.5% vs 11.2%). 4) The size of total target sign and surrounding peripheral hypoechoic rim of TSBI group on US were smaller than those of CI group ($11.95{\pm}2.61$ mm, $2.08{\pm}1.15$ mm vs $26.91{\pm}5.98$ mm, $7.86{\pm}2.77$ mm, respectively). 5) Concomittant illness was found more frequently in TSBI group than in CI group (66.7% vs 26.7%). 6) All case of TSBI group were reduced spontaneouly, which were confirmed by US, but none of CI group. Conclusion: Transient small bowel intussusception is probably more common than generally thought and its clinical and US findings is quite different from classical obstructing intussus-ception. Because all of our cases resulted in spontaneous reduction, we recommend careful observation and repeat examination rather than an immediate operation in transient small bowel intussusception.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find a optimal beam spoiler condition on the dose distribution near the surface, when treating a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and a lymphatic region with 10 MV photon beam. The use of a optimal spoiler allows elivering high dose to a superficial tumor volume, while maintaining the skin-sparing effect in the area between the surface to the depth of 0.4 cm. Materials and Methods: The lucite beam spoiler, which were a tissue equivalent, were made and placed between the surface and the photon collimators of linear accelerator. The surface-dose, the dose at the depth of 0.4 cm, and the maximum dose at the dmax were measured with a parallel-plate ionization chamber for $5{\times}5cm\;to\;30{\times}30cm^2$ field sizes using lucite spoilers with different thicknesses at varying skin-to-spoiler separation (SSS). In the same condition, the dose was measured with bolus and compared with beam spoiler. Results: The spoiler increased the surface and build-up dose and shifted the depth of maximum dose toward the surface. With a 10 MV x-ray beam and a optimal beam spoiler when treating a patient, a similer build-up dose with a 6 MV photon beam could be achieved, while maintaining a certain amount of skin spring. But it was provided higher surface dose under SSS of less than 5 cm, the spoiler thickness of more than 1.8 cm or more, and larger field size than $20{\times}20cm^2$ provided higher surface dose like bolus and obliterated the spin-sparing effect. the effects of the beam spoiler on beam profile was reduced with increasing depths. Conclusion: The lucite spoiler allowed using of a 10 MV photon beam for the radiation treatment of head and neck caner by yielding secondary scattered electron on the surface. The dose at superficial depth was increased and the depth of maximum dose was moved to near the skin surface. Spoiling the 10 MV x-ray beam resulted in treatment plans that maintained dose homogeneity without the consequence of increased skin reaction or treat volume underdose for regions near the skin surface. In this, the optimal spoiler thickeness of 1.2 cm and 1.8 cm were found at SSS of 7 cm for $10{\times}10cm^2$ field. The surface doses were measured 60% and 64% respectively. In addition, It showed so optimal that 94% and 94% at the depth of 0.4 cm and dmax respectively.