• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.14B no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2007

In this paper, we present a method to extract the text lines in poorly structured documents. The text lines may have different orientations, considerably curved shapes, and there are possibly a few wide inter-word gaps in a text line. Those text lines can be found in posters, blocks of addresses, artistic documents. Our method based on the traditional perceptual grouping but we develop novel solutions to overcome the problems of insufficient seed points and vaned orientations un a single line. In this paper, we assume that text lines contained tone connected components, in which each connected components is a set of black pixels within a letter, or some touched letters. In our scheme, the connected components closer than an iteratively incremented threshold will make together a chain. Elongate chains are identified as the seed chains of lines. Then the seed chains are extended to the left and the right regarding the local orientations. The local orientations will be reevaluated at each side of the chains when it is extended. By this process, all text lines are finally constructed. The proposed method is good for extraction of the considerably curved text lines from logos and slogans in our experiment; 98% and 94% for the straight-line extraction and the curved-line extraction, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_3
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• pp.967-977
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• 2022

The occurrence and intensity of wildfires are increasing with climate change. Emissions from forest fire smoke are recognized as one of the major causes affecting air quality and the greenhouse effect. The use of satellite product and machine learning is essential for detection of forest fire smoke. Until now, research on forest fire smoke detection has had difficulties due to difficulties in cloud identification and vague standards of boundaries. The purpose of this study is to detect forest fire smoke using Level 1 and Level 2 data of Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), a Korean environmental satellite sensor, and machine learning. In March 2022, the forest fire in Gangwon-do was selected as a case. Smoke pixel classification modeling was performed by producing wildfire smoke label images and inputting GEMS Level 1 and Level 2 data to the random forest model. In the trained model, the importance of input variables is Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), 380 nm and 340 nm radiance difference, Ultra-Violet Aerosol Index (UVAI), Visible Aerosol Index (VisAI), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), 380 nm radiance, and 340 nm radiance were shown in that order. In addition, in the estimation of the forest fire smoke probability (0 ≤ p ≤ 1) for 2,704 pixels, Mean Bias Error (MBE) is -0.002, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is 0.026, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is 0.087, and Correlation Coefficient (CC) showed an accuracy of 0.981.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.419-442
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• 2018

Space Treaty Article 2 stipuates non-appropriation by sovereignty, and in any other means. Interpretative controversies has continued as regards the meaning of any other means. It is not clear whether appropriation by private entity is also prohibited or not. Furthermore, the controverse around the binding force of Article 1 has made worse the controversy regarding such appropriation. U.S. Congress has enacted the law regarding the space resouce mining in 2015. Its main purpose is to alleviate legal unstability which U.S, private companies have faced, and it provides some provisions regarding private rights about space resources. Original bill, H.R. 1508 included the property right. Amendment to the bill is to ensure that an "asteroid resource utilization activity" is inter-preted as on a single asteroid and not on any asteroid. The use of the word "in situ" in defining space resources simply means resources in place in outer space; but any such resource within or on an asteroid would need to be "obtained" in order to confer a property right. The use of the word "in situ" in merely defining a space resource in the bill is not equivalent to claiming sovereignty or control over celestial bodies or portions of space. Further, there is clear Congressional direction in the bill that the President is only to encourage space resources exploration and utilization, including lowering barriers to such activity, "consistent with" and "in accordance with" US international obligations. Federal courts are granted original jurisdiction over entities defined in ${\S}$ 51301(4) and in-situ asteroid resources that have been removed from an asteroid by such entities. Federal courts are not granted jurisdiction over outer space, the Moon, other celestial bodies, or the asteroid from which the in-situ natural resource was removed. It is said that the Space Resource Utilization Exploration Act of 2015, talked about the rights of private players to own-kind of a "finders keepers" law.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.927-934
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• 2023

This study explored the process of how children are connected to and placed in the daycare center's interest area environment. Focusing on the process of getting to know, we tried to understand it through Deleuze's concept of connection-placement, which emphasized the power between materials and humans, to see how the familiar environment called the area of interest affects children's behavior. For this purpose, 20 children in the mixed class aged 4-5 years at B Daycare Center in Seoul were observed for a total of 2 hours each through 2 preliminary observations and 5 research observations from March to May 2023. First, the results of the study showed that infants' true interest could be found in the infant's gaze, not in the adult's gaze. Second, the space and play materials of the interest area environment are structurally arranged in accordance with the order of play types, but the boundaries become ambiguous as they are connected to children. Third, although the children's play seemed to be play without deviating from each area of interest, the space itself was a single mass in which interest was expressed. We hope that this study will help instructors in their practice of constructing an environment for areas of interest, and that we will become instructors who ask questions at every moment about what kind of traces will be left on children's thinking as the environment of space and media.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.5 s.335
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

In the construction of an extension field, there is a connection between the polynomial multiplication method and the degree of polynomial. The existing methods, KO and MSK methods, efficiently reduce the complexity of coefficient-multiplication. However, when we construct the multiplication of an extension field using KO and MSK methods, the polynomials are padded with necessary number of zero coefficients in general. In this paper, we propose basic properties of KO and MSK methods and algorithm that can reduce coefficient-multiplications. The proposed algorithm is more reducible than the original KO and MSK methods. This characteristic makes the employment of this multiplier particularly suitable for applications characterized by specific space constrains, such as those based on smart cards, token hardware, mobile phone or other devices.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.196-210
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• 2000

This study was aimed to verify the validity of the flexural toughness evaluation method of steel fiber reinforced shotcrete(SFRS) currently being adopted by Korea Highway Corporation(KHC). Total 33 beam specimens using six different kinds of steel fiber products were prepared at tunnel construction sites and flexural toughness tests were executed at laboratory. Equivalent flexural strengths and toughness quotients were evaluated from the tests following the KHC guide iud these were compared with the quality grades determined under the guides proposed by ASTM, ITA and EFNARC. To discard the disadvantage that the toughness quotient could be influenced by flexural strength when following the KHC guide, a modification substituting the designed flexural strength for the flexural strength in the toughness quotient calculation formula was proposed to rate the quality of SFRS more adequately.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.71-79
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• 2009

This research understands semantics-system in contemporary space design as a poetic form. It provides that the possibility of various interpretation of space and makes to escape from insipid formal logic of compulsion uniform meaning. In order to unfold this argument, poetic semantics system has to be revealed using conversion of articulation factors in text of space(semantics and syntax). First of all, after setting up the articulation system of space language, we have to understand the conversion of articulation factors that generate a new grammar breaking up the rule of old syntax. And the various expression of form in Contemporary Space design focuses on a poetic expression, that is, the abstraction system fused by space factors(conversion of articulation system). In this method of research to recognize the subject of space in architecture, the importance of interpretation has to be highlighted, as the importance of language is emphasized that intermediates between object and interpretation. The reason to recognize Contemporary space design as a text is that it is a gathering of symbol as a object of interpretation and a mediator. The important issue of this study is to research how and what to transmit by poetic semantics system in contemporary space design. It brings about a poetic problem what it intends to becomes(the problem of meaning operation) in a narrow sense and a interpretational problem what it intends to do(the problem of communication). When we define interpretation the technique of defining a text, it involves the premise of inevitableness of multiple understanding, or the possibility to Interpret variously. In the end the ambiguity of poetic language and the infinity of moaning process as the moaning expansion system in contemporary space design is the flexible measure to solve the self-criticism.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.350-356
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• 2017

With increasing attention to real-time body detection, active research is being conducted on human body detection based on skin color. Despite this, most existing skin detection methods utilize static skin color models and have detection rates in images, in which colors are distorted. This study proposed a method of detecting the skin region using a fuzzy classification of the gradient map, saturation, and Cb and Cr in the YCbCr space. The proposed method, first, creates a gradient map, followed by a saturation map, CbCR map, fuzzy classification, and skin region binarization in that order. The focus of this method is to rigorously detect human skin regardless of the lighting, race, age, and individual differences, using features other than color. On the other hand,the borders between these features and non-skin regions are unclear. To solve this problem, the membership functions were defined by analyzing the relationship between the gradient, saturation, and color features and generate 108 fuzzy rules. The detection accuracy of the proposed method was 86.35%, which is 2~5% better than the conventional method.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.253-274
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• 2020

In this study, text mining and main path analysis (MPA) were applied to understand the origins and development paths of research areas that make up the mainstream of Korean studies. To this end, a quantitative analysis was attempted based on digital texts rather than the traditional humanities research methodology, and the main paths of Korean studies were extracted by collecting documents related to Korean studies including citation information using a citation database, and establishing a direct citation network. As a result of the main path analysis, two main path clusters (Korean ancient agricultural culture (history, culture, archeology) and Korean acquisition of English (linguistics)) were found in the key-route search for the Humanities field of Korean studies. In the field of Korean Studies Humanities and Social Sciences, four main path clusters were discovered: (1) Korea regional/spatial development, (2) Korean economic development (Economic aid/Soft power), (3) Korean industry (Political economics), and (4) population of Korea (Sex selection) & North Korean economy (Poverty, South-South cooperation).

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.17-29
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• 2017

Various cyber attacks against our society and the government are continuing, and cases and damages are reported from time to time. And the area of cyber attack is not limited to cyberspace, but it is expanding into physical domain and affecting it. In the military arena, we have established and implemented the principle of responding proportionally to enemy physical attacks. This proportionality principle is also required in the version where the region is expanding. In order to apply it, it is necessary to have a quantitative and qualitative countermeasure against cyber attack. However, due to the nature of cyber attacks, it is not easy to assess the damage accurately and it is difficult to respond to the proportionality principle and the proportional nature. In this study, we calculated the damage scale by quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating the cyber attack damage using the Gorden-Lobe model and the security scoring technique based on the scenario. It is expected that the calculated results will be provided as appropriate level and criterion to counteract cyber attack.