• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2006

Purpose : Appropriate use of antimicrobials is an essential factor to treat infectious diseases and prevent acquisition of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. This study was undertaken to search that application of computerized management program for restriction of antimicrobials use in a hospital is helpful to decrease antimicrobial use density. Methods : Antibiotics utilization committee decided to restrict the use of 16 antimicrobials(14 expensive drugs having fear of drug resistance by pathogens and additional two drugs with inappropriate using tendency). Retrospective evaluation of antimicrobial user numbers between May and July of 2004 and 2005(study group) was conducted to compare with previous use density during same period of 2002 and 2003(control group). Results : Inpatients number of control group($823.5{\pm}37.1$ persons) was more than study group($809.2{\pm}39.3$ persons, P<0.001), but, outpatients number and hospitalized duration were equal in two groups. Antimicrobial user number/100 inpatients per day of glycopeptides and antifungal agents was equal in two groups, and study group was significantly higher density than control group in the use of carbapenems, piperacillin-tazobactam and quinolones(P<0.001). But study group was significantly lower density than control group in the use of drugs with inappropriately using tendency and expensive cephalosporins having broad antimicrobial spectrum(P<0.001). Conclusion : Application of computerized management program for restriction of antimicrobials use in a hospital is effective to decrease the use density of antimicrobials with inappropriately using tendency, but it is an insufficient measures for the restricted use of other antimicrobials on the whole.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.63-69
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• 2001

Cleft lip and/or palate(CLP) is the most common congenital deformity in the craniofacial region. For a practical public health system for these patients it is necessary to have an understanding on the prevalence of CLP. However, it was difficult to estimate the exact number of CLP patients due to problems in sample selection, higher miscarriage and still birth rate, difficulty in classification, and adoptions to foreign countries. Therefore this study was to estimate the prevalence of CLP and the rate of orthodontic treatment, which is usually necessary in cleft lip and/or palate patients. The samples consisted of 218,322 Korean male adults from Seoul, Kwangju, Taegu and Pusan, all born in 1979. The screening method for recognizing the CLP patients was proceeded in steps and the results are as follows. 1. The prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate in Korean male adults born in 1979 was 0.65 out of the 1000 samples. 2. In the anteroposterior aspect of the 1000 samples, the prevalence of cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate was 0.26, 0.36 and 0.03 respectively. 3. In the transverse aspect of the 1000 samples, the prevalence of left, right and bilateral cleft was 0.35, 0.16, 0.12 respectively. The cleft in the left showed a much higher prevalence than in the rirht, while bilateral cleft showed a lower prevalence than unilateral cleft. 4. The orthodontic treatment rate of Korean male adults among cleft lip and/or palate Patients was $35\%$, and it was in the order of cleft lip and Palate, cleft lip, and cleft Palate, being $67\%,\;29\%\;and\;29\%$ respectively. The orthodontic treatment rate in patients with the more severe cleft lip and palate was higher than in patients solely having cleft lip or cleft palate.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.837-852
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Today, tuberculosis cannot only be cured medically, but also controlled by public health. Despite the overall worldwide decline in tuberculosis, the disease continues to be a significant problem among developing countries and in the slums of large cities in some industrialized countries. Particularly, this communicable disease has come into the public health spotlight because of its resurgence in the 1990's. our country has been operating the Korean National Tuberculosis Control Program since 1962, focusing around public health centers. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of tuberculosis control activities, one of the major public health activities in Korea, by producing indexes, such as the yearly registration rate per 100,000 population and treatment compliance of tuberculosis on in small areas (communities). Methods : This work was accomplished by constructing a time-series analytic model using data from "1980~2000: the Yearly Statistical Report" with patient registry data of 234 City. County. District public health centers and by identifying the factors influencing the tuberculosis indexes. Results : The trends of pulmonary tuberculosis positive point prevalence and pulmonary tuberculosis negative point prevalence on X-ray screening have declined steadily, beginning in 1981 and continuing to 1998 by region (city, county, district). Although the tuberculosis mortality rate steadily shows a declining trend by year and region, but Korea still ranks first among 29 OECD countries in 1998, with a tuberculosis mortality rate of 7.1 per 100,000 persons, according to the time-series analysis for fatal diseases. Conclusion : The results of the study will form the fundamental basis of future regional health care planning and the Korean Tuberculosis Surveillance System on 2000. Since the implementation of local autonomy through the Local Health Act of 1995, it has now become vita1 for each city, county, district public health centers to determine its own priorities for relevant health care management, including budget allocation and program goals.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.41
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• pp.133-178
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• 2022

This study investigates if four propitious sites (四明堂, sa myeongdang) identified in Daesoon Jinrihoe's The Canonical Scripture correspond with the orthodox descriptions of dragon, energy hub, sand, and water (龍穴砂水, yong hyeol sa su) which are held by Fengshui as conditions necessary for that specific designation. In this study, these conditions, based on the shape of the site-formations, were observed via through on-site surveys and the application of the theories presented by traditional books on Fengshui. First, the dragon veins (龍脈, yongmaek) of the energy hub of the Five Immortals Playing Baduk (五仙圍碁穴 oseonwigi- hyeol) on Mount Hoemun in Sunchang consists of solid soil, is like a spiderweb, rises and lays prone, winds in every direction, and looks almost disconnected while actually remaining connected. Second, the Fengshui characteristics of the energy hub of Worship Held by Buddhist Monks from Abroad (胡僧禮佛穴, hoseungyebul- hyeol) on Mount Seungdal in Muan is that the branching feet (枝脚 jigak) support the mountain range by forming a valley to the left and right of the dragon veins that stretch from the peak of Mount Seungdal. Also, the direction-changing helm (橈棹 yodo) supports the mountain range solidly can be said to be well-developed. It is likewise noted that there is an excellent change in dragon veins in that exhibit curvature that spans being high, low, rising, and lying. This makes it appear as though the dragon is wriggling back and forth. Third, the state of the energy hub of Celestial Maidens Weaving Silk (仙女織錦穴, seonnyojikgeum-hyeol) on Sonryong Ridge in Jangseong County demonstrates overall harmony between mountain and water as it is near Mount Ju and Mount An and has a solid water outlet to which it is tightly fastened such that its energy does not leak out. Meanwhile, the positioning of its blue dragon of the east, red phoenix of the south, white tiger of the west, and black tortoise of the north is so intimate that its long flow can be said to be spinning. The Songryong Ridge area where energy hub was formed between soil and bedrock is the right land for a great favored location as it corresponds with Fengshui logic in an exemplary manner. Fourth, the Fengshui characteristics of the energy hub of Subjects Receiving the Imperial Command (群臣奉詔穴, gunshinbongjo-hyeol) at Baerye-jeon Field in Taein can be described as embracing the village snuggly as it centers around Mount Wangja, and its blue dragon and white tiger respond to each other. Additionally, a clear distinction between host and guest is noticeable in the positions of Mount Ju and Mount An. The flowing body of water in front of the village wraps around that village as a Horizontal Water Formation (橫水局, hoengsuguk), and vigorous vapor from the earth draws breath as the yin-yang energy of the landscape courses through the earth. As dragon veins, the range of the mountain, are like the blood vessels within the human body and the dragon is compared to the limbs, the energy hub of Subjects Receiving the Imperial Command at Baerye-jeon Field in Taein can be identified as a favored location that was formed directly by the sky and earth.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.4D
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• pp.497-509
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• 2011

Walking is basic and important means of transportation for human. Although recently safety for pedestrians relating to traffic safety is considered to be important, efforts and interest for pedestrian safety are very unsatisfactory. Thus, it is needed to develop a pedestrian safety index which could be used to plan pedestrian safety program and to reduce/prevent pedestrian accidents. In this study, the Pedestrian Safety Index about 10 cities in Gyeongnam Province was developed using 5 factors highly influencing on pedestrian safety, which are the five year average pedestrian accidents per 100,000 population, the year 2009 pedestrian accidents per 100,000 population, crosswalk signal obey rate, jaywalking rate, and the year 2009 pedestrian accidents for children under 14 years and the elderly over 65 years. The perfect score for the index is 100. As the score becomes nearer to 100, pedestrian safety becomes better. The pedestrin safeties of Changwon, Gimhae and Masan are good and those of Sachon and Tongyong are bad. Tongyong's low score at the index is due to high pedestrian accidents rate only and Sachon's low score is due to high pedestrian accidents rate and jaywalking. At the pedestrian safety index of 10 counties of Gyeongnam Province, the pedestran safeties of Hamyang and Hapchon are good and those of Haman, Hadong and Gosung are bad.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary data for political measures to minimize the variations by understanding the regional variations and trends of hospital services for heart diseases, and analyzing the factors that could occur any variations. The various data collected from nation-wide inpatient services conducted separately by small region show that there have been some differences in income level, supply of medical resources, standardized rate of hospitalization by sex and age, health level in the residence, and the length of stay per head. Then it indicated that the number of special medical equipment per 10,000 people and the rate of vigorous physical activity have the highest influence over the regional variations in using hospital services. On the other hand, the number of sick-beds per 10,000 people, the number of special medical equipment, and the present smoking rate have significant degree of influence on the length of stay per head. Thus, it is imperative for the authorities to set aside health promoting policies and to distribute the medical resources equitably throughout the country and to enhance the accessibility of local residents to the health care services.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.425-436
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• 2015

This study is to investigate how the expenditures for hypertension is affected by socioeconomic, health care resources, and health behavior factors with a special emphasis on geographic variations and to provide the data about regional management for hypertension. To analyze, we combined a unique data set including key indicators from Medical Service Usage Statistics 2012 by Region by National Health Insurance Corporation, Annual Community Health Survey 2012 by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other government organizations at the 247 small administrative districts. We found that the average expenditures of hypertension in 249 small districts is 62,000 won and coefficient of variation is 30.0. Major factors of differences in hypertension expenditure is population density, marital status, household income, number of hospital per 100 thousand, medical expenses outside the jurisdiction, drinking rate, moderate and over-intensity physical activity, and hypertension diagnosis rate. The results of decision tree was that there were significant differences between regions in hypertension diagnosis rate, household income, marital status, number of hospital per 100 thousand, obesity rate, drinking rate. This study concluded that determinants of geographic variations in hypertension spending are not only health resources and socioepidemic characteristics but health behaviors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.238-245
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• 2011

For introduction of local autonomy system, local government enabled efficient supply of public service by local resident's request. Specially, local governments is doing effort of that organize various policy and a lot of budgets for social welfare promotion, but is interested relatively little in efficient use of social welfare finance and operation. According to these problem, this study measured efficiency of social welfare facility in local governments. The purpose of this analysis is to measure the efficiency of community welfare in local governments by data envelopment analysis(DEA), using data from 16 local governments in Korea. Input variance is GDP per capita in local, rate of welfare budget, rate of financial independence and local public official per 10,000 capita. Output variance is social welfare facility per 100,000 capita and park area per 1,000 capita, The results of the study are summarized as follows : First, There was differential in efficiency about social welfare facilities operation in local governments. 7 local governments(Busan, etc.) was an in efficiency. Second, some local governments(Incheon, etc.) must increase scale of input variance, and some local governments(Busan, etc.) must improve efficiency of input variance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.977-986
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aims to estimate the financial cost of rotavirus infection in Korea in the year of 2005. Methods : The incidence rates used were from the epidemiological profile at Jeoungeub District (5.8 cases/1,000 children <5 years old for inpatients, and 22.65 cases/1,000 children <5 years old for outpatients, per year). The health care cost per capita of rotavirus infection (ICD code: A08.0) was extracted from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database in Korea. The patient survey was conducted to capture information about non-medical costs and associated productivity loss incurred by adult caregivers. Results : The number of annual national cases among children <5 years old with rotavirus infection was estimated to be 69,122 (i.e., 55,030 outpatients and 14,092 inpatients). The total cost of rotavirus infection was estimated at 13.3 billion Korean won, comprising 11 billion Korean won (82.7%) of direct medical costs, 1.6 billion Korean won (12.0%) of direct non-medical costs (e.g., transportation and supplies), and 0.68 billion Korean won (5.1%) of productivity lost by adult caregivers. Conclusion : Rotavirus infection carries not only medical costs but also non-medical and indirect costs; together, these costs incur a significant burden on South Korean society. The impact of rotavirus on quality of life and health among patient caregivers was not considered in this study, but it does merit further research.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.7-7
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• 1995

최근에 스키가 동계스포츠로 각광받으면서 스키인구가 폭발적으로 증가함에 따라 스키손상도 많이 발생하게 되어 스키손상은 스포츠외상에서 중요한 비중을 차지하게 되었다. 스키인구의 증가에 따라 스키손상에 대한 정확한 분석과 이에 대한 예방대책이 절실히 요구되며 이에 경희대학교 의과대학 정형외과학 교실에서는 1982년 12월부터 1995년 3월까지( 1986년과 1987년을 제외 ) 11년간 용평스키장내에 동계스포츠클리닉을 개설하여 상기 기간 중 내장한 총 스키인구 3,093,667명중 스키손상으로 동계스포츠클리닉에 내원한 7,172명의 환자$(0.23\%)$에 대하여 스키손상의 년도별 발생빈도, 스키손상의 특징 스키골절과 탈구의 발생빈도 및 특징 등에 대하여 11년 간의 변화추세를 분석하였다. 11년 간의 스키장의 내장객수는 1983년을 기준 (83,100)으로 하였을 때 1995년에 $977\%로 국부 큰 증가를 보였으며, 스키인구 1000명당 손상율은 1983년의 3.4에서 1995년의 1.4(평균 2.3)로 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 스키손상의 형태는 단순열상 및 타박상등을 제외하고 슬관절 인대손상이 $22.6\%로 가장 많이 발생하였으며, 조사기간동안 수치상의 의미 있는 변화는 없었다. 스키골절 및 탈구는 스키인구 1000명당 평균 0.35였으며, 1983년의 0.90으로부터 점차 감소하여 1995년에는 0.21에 이르렀다. 연령별 스키골절 및 탈구는 20세 이하에서 평균 $41.6\%로 전체적으로 성인에서 더 많이 발생하였으며, 이는 처음 3년 간 20세 이하 골절 및 탈구가 $70.5\%로 높은 발생빈도를 보였으나 1995년도의 20세 이하 골절 및 탈구가$30.3\%까지 감소하게되어 년도가 증가함에 따라 청장년 층에 비하여 소아골절 및 탈구가 전체적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 스키골절의 부위별 발생빈도는 1990년 이전까지 하지골절 및 탈구가 많았으나 이후 점차 상지의 골절 탈구가 증가하였다 하지에서 가장 많은 골절은 경골 골절이었으며, 경골골절은 회전력에 의한 나선형골절이 $76.5\%로 가장 많았고 년도에 따른 변화는 보이지 않았다. 스키손상의 발생빈도는 초기에 비하여 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 손상의 특성도 부위별, 연령별로 다양한 변화를 나타내었다.