The fauna of spider species inhabited near paddy fields have been investigated in Chinju and Namhae areas. The spiders collected near the paddy fields in Chinju and Namhae areas were 34 species of 31 genera belonging to 10 families: 34 species on paddy levees; 16 species on barley fields; 17 species on fallow fields; and 18 species on paddy fields. The species diversity was the highest on paddy levee. The dominant species collected from each habitat near the paddy fields were Pardosa astrigera on the paddy levees and barley fields, Pirata subpiraticus on the fallow field, and Pachygnatha clercki on the paddy fields. The spiders inhabited near rice fields can be classified into nine groups based on the ecological and taxonomical characteristics: 1. Pirata spp. 2. Pachygnatha clercki 3. Teridiidae, Erigonidae, Linypidae 4. Tetragnatha spp. 5. Dolomedes surfureus 6. Pardosa spp. 7. Salticidae 8. Thomisidae 9. Clubionidae Among the nine spider groups, the spiders belong to the group 1-5 prefered wet ground or paddy to dry ground, in contrast to the group 6-9 which prefered to live on dry land. The difference of the habitat preference indicated that the former five groups do the important roll as pest predators in paddy, while the latter four group mainly suppress the overwintering pest populations on paddy levees.
KNI3126 which is the eco-friendly material made by plant extracts - neem and matrine - have been evaluated for efficacies against 6 main pests and toxicity on natural enemies. Insecticidal efficacies of KNI3126 against plant hopper were above 95% at 5 days after treatment (DAT), whereas pesticidal effects against the cotton aphid were above 95% at 3 DAT and slightly decreased at 5 DAT. Insecticidal efficacy against the palm thrips resulted in lower control value as 68.1% than that of chemical insecticides. KNI3126 showed more than 95% control value against diamond back moth, suggesting that it could suppress the population of pest hard to control as eco-friendly material. Mortalities against two-spotted spider mite were about 80% at 1 DAT and over 90% at 5 DAT, respectively. For evaluation of the toxicity on natural enemies, effect against predatory natural enemy was classified as moderate selective toxicity based on the criterion of International Organization of Bio-Control (IOBC), whereas against parasitic natural enemies was found to be relatively safe. Repellent effect was weak against plant hopper, but strong against two-spotted spider mite. In the toxicity test for safety, KNI3126 was classified as the lowest level at acute oral, acute dermal and fish toxicity test and did not induce the irritancy at skin irritation test and eye irritation test.
New formulation of diazinon as granule preparing with piperonyl butoxide(PBO) and triphenyl phosphate(TPP) known as the inhibitor of monooxygenase(mo) and esterase was tested with the mortality of rice leaf hopper. Also, the mixed formulation of diazinon with tricyclazole, carbofuran and EPN were investigated about the residual pattern of diazinon in submerged soil condition at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Although the mortality about rice leaf hopper was higher only 10% on new formulation of diazinon than commercial at recommended dose but was 30-60% at half dose. Half life of diazinon in the formulation with 0.1% of PBO+TPP was 4.53 days in sterilized soil and 2.33 days in non-sterilized soil, and it was delayed about 0.74 and 0.45 respectively in contrast with the commercial granule. Also, half life of the new formulation with 1% PBO and PBO+TPP was delayed 0.44(PBO) and 0.65day(PBO+TPP) in non-sterilized soil condition, respectively. Half life of mixed formulation with tricyclazole, carbofuran, EPN or EPN+Carbofuran was delayed 2.61, 1.04, 0.43 or 2.7 days, respectively. As a result, the persistence rate of new formulation and mixed formulation was increased by inhibition of two enzymes affecting to the dgradation of diazinon in submerged soil.
Concerns on use of excess amount of chemical fertilizier and pesticide in current farming system turns both of the producer and consumer of agricultural products to an organic farming which use a less chemicals and more natural manure. Rice-duck farming system is one of the strategy to meet the purpose and this experiment was carried out to find the effect of the rice-duck farming system on the quality and yields of rice. 20day-old rice seedling were mechanically transplanted in sandy-loam paddy field and 21 day-old ducks were raised from 3 weeks after transplanting with population of 30 heads per 10a. The plots were consists of reduce fertilizer(70%) with and without duck-raising. The conventional fertilizer treatment without duck-raising was used as check. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The weeds population of test plots which were raised with duck for 3 consecutive years was less than that of test plots without duck-raising, though a speciffic population of Echinochola crusgallis were increased. The weed control effect was higer in duck-raising than in check at the maximum tillering stage but, not at later stages of rice plant. It was found that the small animals and insects inhibiting in the rice field were reduced by duck-treatment, however, there were also damages of grass leaf roller at booting stage in the plots of duck-raising. In rice-duck plot, dark green leaf color were found: 41.8 of SPAD value than 38.6 of SPAD in check plot. Higher root activity and surface soil oxidation were also observed in rice-duck plot than check plot. 3% of the increase in yield was observed by duck-treatment. However, the expected increase of the palatability wsa not observed. This may be due to the unfavorable weather conditions during the rice growing in this expriment.
Insecticidal activities of imidacloprid to sucking type insect pests, brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and peen peach aphid (GPA Myzus persicae), to chewing type insect pests, tobacco cut worm (TCW; Spodoptera litura) and beet armyworm (BAW, Spodoptera exigua) and to spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, Pachygnata clercki and Ummeliata insecticeps, as natural enemies were investigated by several bioassay methods. $LD_{50}$ of the chemical by topical treatment to BPH was 0.015 ${\mu}g/g$(48 hrs), while $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping and root zone treatment were 18.1 and 21.5 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in insecticidal activities between leaf dipping and root zone treatment. Imidacloprid also showed ovicidal effect of root zone treatment and its $LC_{50}$ was 6.8ppm $LD_{50}$ (48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to GPA was $0.4{\mu}g/g$ in case of topical application and $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping and root zone treatment were 1.9 ppm and 13.7 ppm respectively. Leaf dipping was more effective than root zone treatment in GPA At topical application $LD_{50}$ (48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to chewing type insect pests, TCW and BAW, were greater than 1,492 and $312{\mu}g/g$ and $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping method were 4,803 and Heater than 5,000ppm respectively. This means that imidacloprid has much less effect on chewing type insect pests, TCW and BAW. $LD_{50}$(48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to wandering spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, Pachygnata clercki at topical application were greater dan $2941{\mu}g/g$ and greater than $2,976{\mu}g/g$ respectively and that to webbing spider, Ummeliata insecticeps, was 357 ${\mu}g/g$. Imidacloprid showed very low toxicity to the spiders and its selective toxicity ratios between spiders and BPH were greater than 19,600, greater than 19,800 and 23,800, respectively.
The purpose of this study was to find out optimum cultivated regions for rice organic farming. The organic and conventional rice as control were grown in three different places : secluded hill paddy field for Hapcheon, normal rural paddy field for Sancheong, and suburban paddy field for Jinju from 2005 to 2006. In secluded hill paddy field, the organic material and pesticide to control pest and disease were input twice for organic and conventional rice cultivation. However, in normal rural and suburban paddy field, those were input three times for organic and conventional rice cultivation. The occurrence of sheath blight in organic farming was higher than in conventional farming. Whereas brown planthopper population per 20 plant was significantly high 10.1~19.5 for conventional farming compared with 4.4~10.0 for organic farming. For that reason, the density of the brown planthoppers was higher in organic farming than those in conventional farming. Dominated weeds occurred in organic and conventional paddy field were namely Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia prostrata, and Cyperus difformis. The population per 20 plant and dried weight per $m^2$ of weeds were higher in 121 and 50.5 g for organic paddy field. The productivity of rice in different cultivated regions for organic farming was $2.96Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in hill paddy field, $4.03Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in normal rural and suburban paddy field. Toyo-taste value and ratio of perfect grain of milled rice were not different by cultivated regions in both farming system.
This study was conducted to select excellent tank mix combinations of pesticides for aerial application by manned helicopter. Among 209 pesticide combinations of 3-way tank-mixing for aerial application, a total of 93 recommendable combinations including tricyclazole SC+validamycin-A SL+imidacloprid SL were finally selected for the simultaneous control of key pests on paddy rice such as blast, sheath blight, brown planthopper and moth. The selected combinations were not phytotoxic to rice plants and nearby non-target crops, and excellent in physicochemical properties of ultra low volume (ULV) spray solutions. The efficacies on sheath blight, brown planthoppers and white-backed planthoppers of pesticides sprayed by aerial application were similar to those of pesticides by conventional spraying. Total cost of aerial application in paddy rice was very economical as one fourth level of that of conventional spraying.
To establish the economical and reliable routine bioassay system for developing new insecticidal compounds, effects of leaf-dipping time, application methods, insect species and their developmental stages on susceptibilities of insects to insecticides were studied. The stable insecticidal activity appeared at the dipping time for 30-60 seconds in leaf-dipping method, and the most effective application methods were leaf-dipping method for apterous green peach aphid adults, and third instars of diamond-back moth and tobacco cutworm, whereas seedling+insect spray method for adults or third instars of brown planthoppers. For two-spotted spider mite, leaf-dipping or intact plant spray method was favorable. In the bioassay for chitin synthesis inhibitors, the inoculation of third instars of brown planthopper, diamond-back moth, tobacco cutworm and green peach aphid, and larvae of two-spotted spider mite to the young host plants treated by spray method were adequate bioassay methods.
To investigate a comparison of rice yield and quality between organic and conventional cultivation, study for occurrence of rice diseases carried out in rice (Oryza sativa L.) field of Noahn and Bannam region. The results obtained as following: 1) Bactericide and insecticide were applied twice and four times at Noahn and Bannam region in conventional cultivation (C.C) of rice field, respectively, it was applied twice at two region in organic cultivation (O.C). Rice strip virus, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, rice water weevil, rice leaf folder, and plant hoppers were occurred mainly in rice field. Leaf blast, neck blast, and rice leaf folder were occurred highly at O.C compared with C.C. 2) Growth level of rice in clum and panicle length was lower at O.C than C.C. Number of panicles per hill was by 0.6 higher at O.C than C.C. Number of panicles per hill was by 0.6 higher at O.C than C.C in Noahn region. Number of spikelets per panicle, grain filling ratio, brown/rough rice ratio, and weight of 1,000 grains was lower at O.C than C.C. Number of panicles per hill was by 0.8 lower at O.C than C.C in Bannam region. Number of spikelets per panicle and grain filling ratio was higher at O.C than C.C while brown/rough rice ratio was lower at O.C. Total yield percentage of rice in O.C was level of 84% at Noahn region and 94% at Bannam region compared with C.C. 3) Head rice percentage was lower at in O.C than C.C at two region. Protein and palatability (Toyo value) were lower at O.C than C.C in Bannam region causing occurrence of neck blast and rice leaf folder by oversupply of nitrogen fertilizer. Protein, whiteness, and palatability (Toyo value) were adequate level at O.C in Noahn region by lower nitrogen fertilizer.
"Cheongan" is a new japonica rice variety developed from a cross between SR15225-B-22-1-2-1 and Iksan431 in summer season, 1997 by National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. The line SR15225-B-22-1-2-1 has good canopy architecture and multi-disease and insect resistance, and Iksan431 has translucent milled rice and good eating-quality. Heading date of Cheongan is August 13 in central lowland and mid-mountainous areas. "Cheongan" having culm length of 84 cm shows relatively semi-erect pubescent leaf blade and rigid culm, tolerance to lodging with and good canopy architecture. This variety has 14 tillers per hill and 126 spikelets per panicle. It shows tolerance to heading delay and spikelet sterility comparable to Hwaseongbyeo when exposed to cold stress. Leaf senescence of Cheongan progresses slowly during the ripening stage and the viviparous germination ratio was 59 %, similar to that of Hwaseongbyo. "Cheongan" shows moderately resistance to blast disease, but susceptible to stripe virus and brown planthopper. The milled rice of "Cheongan" exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It shows similar amylose content of 18.7%, gelatinization temperature, and similar palatability of cooked rice compared to Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield of this cultivar is about 5.54 MT/ha at ordinary season culture in local adaptability test for three years. Especially, "Cheongan" has better milling properties of higher 98.4% and 73.9% in the percentage of head rice in milled rice and milling recovery of head rice, respectively, than those of Hwaseongbyeo. "Cheongan" could be adaptable to the central and mid-southern plain area, and mid-western coastal area of Korea.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.