• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 1981

진드기의 흡혈(吸血)에 대對하여 경험(經驗)이 없는 가토(家兎)를 실험숙주(實驗宿主)로하여 Haemaphysalis longicornis 진드기를 부착(附着) 흡혈(吸血)시켰을때 형성(形成)된 교상(咬傷)에 대(對)한 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)를 관찰(觀察)하고, 진드기의 흡혈(吸血)에 경험(經驗)이 있는 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)에 1개월(個月) 간격(間隔)으로 제2차(第二次) 흡혈(吸血)까지 시도(試圖)하여 가토체내(家兎體內)의 획득면역(獲得免疫)의 형성(形成)과 그에 따른 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)를 비교관찰(比較觀察)하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. H. longicornis 진드기는 구기(口器)를 사용(使用)하여 가토(家兎) 이부위(耳部位)의 피용(皮庸)를 천자(穿刺)하므로서 교상(咬傷)을 일으키며, 흔히 진드기의 구기주변(口器週邊)에는 진드기의 안전(安全)한 부착(附着)을 기도(企圖)하는 편평원추상(扁平圓錐狀)의 시멘트 물질(物質)이 형성(形成)되었다. 2. 진드기 교상(咬傷)에 대(對)한 주요(主要)한 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)는 국소부위(局所部位)의 출혈성(出血性) 염증성(炎症性) 반응(反應), 광범위(廣範圍)한 부종(浮腫), 백혈구(白血球) 침윤(浸潤), 그리고 세포조직(細胞組織)의 괴사(壞死)로 대징(待徵)지워졌다. 3. 진드기 기생(寄生)의 초기(初期)에 형성(形成)된 병변(病變) 또는 진드기 흡혈(吸血)에 대(對)하여 경험(經驗)이 없는 가토(家兎)의 병변(病變)에서는 호중구(好中球)를 흔히 볼 수 있었으며, 진드기 기생말기(寄生末期) 또는 진드기 흡혈(吸血)에 대(對)하여 경험(經驗)이 있는 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)의 병변(病變)에서는 호산구(好酸球)가 많이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 4. 진드기의 구기(口器)가 창상내(創傷內)에 잔존(殘存)하는 한, 치유(治癒)은 단시일내(短時日內)에 이루어 지지 않았으며, 증상(症狀)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 괴사성(壞死性) 염증성(炎症性) 반응(反應)은 더욱 확대(擴大) 되었는데, 이러한 소견(所見)은 감작(感作)되어 있는 숙주(宿主)에서 더욱 확실(確實)히 관찰(觀察)되었다. 5. 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈(吸血) 시도후(試圖後) 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)에 2차적(二次的)으로 부가흡혈(附加吸血)을 시도(試圖)하였을때 볼수 있는 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)의 저하현상(低下現象)은 숙주체내(宿主體內)의 교상병변(咬傷病變)에서 일어나는 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 소견(所見)과 획득면역(獲得免役)에 깊이 관련(關聯)되어 있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.622-625
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• 2010

Inflammatory polyps in feline ear are nonneoplastic, inflammatory growths that arise from the middle ear or the eustachian tube and extended into the pharynx or external ear canal. Two 2-year-old female Russian blue cats showed 2-3 weeks history of aural discharge, crust formation in external ear, and head or ear shaking. Two masses were surgically excised from ear canal, and submitted for diagnosis. Histopathologically, these masses were covered with hyperplastic ciliated epithelium or nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium with partial erosion and ulceration. The core of masses was consisted of proliferated connective tissue and massive infiltration of mononuclear cells. Immunohistochemically, about 90% of infiltrated mononuclear cells demonstrated CD3 positive T cell. According to both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase-PCR, tissues samples were negative for feline viral pathogens. Based on the clinical, gross, histopathologic findings, these two cases were diagnosed as inflammatory polyps originated from the middle ear in cats.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1096-1101
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• 2008

Purpose : Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have genetic mutations in a component of the NADPH oxidase enzyme that is necessary for the generation of the superoxide anion. The profound defect in innate immunity is reflected by the patients susceptibility to catalase-positive bacteria and fungi. In addition, CGD patients display signs of persistent inflammation, which is not associated only with deficient superoxide anion production. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cytokine responses in CGD patients after $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulation. Methods : Heparinized blood samples were collected from 8 CGD patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Monocytes ($1{\times}10^6cell/well$) isolated by the magnet cell isolation system were incubated with a constant amount of $TNF-{\alpha}$ (10 ng/mL) at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 h. Incubated cells were harvested at 60-min intervals for IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA analysis, and the supernatant was collected at the same intervals to determine IL-8 and IL-10 expression. Monocytes from healthy volunteers were also incubated with antioxidants followed by $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulation for IL-8 and IL-10 expression. Results : In CGD patients, a high expression of IL-8 together with a significantly higher IL-10 expression than in the healthy controls was seen after $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulation. Moreover, normal monocytes treated with antioxidants exhibited increased IL-8 responses. Conclusion : The absence of phagocyte-derived reactive oxidants in CGD might be associated with a dysregulated production of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines. Additional research related to reactive oxidants is needed to clarify the role of cytokines in CGD patients.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2010

This study is to characterize the postulated anti-inflammatory effect of the hot water extracts from the Phellinus baumii. RAW264.7, macrophage cell line, was activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and, further, treated with Phellinus baumii's aqueous extract. When the cultured macrophage cells were treated with LPS, they show typical signs of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and an increment in secretion of inflammatory cytokine compared to the non-treated control: The expression of glucose-regulated protein78 (Grp78), Grp94, and C/EBP homologous protein/GADD 153 (CHOP) increased along with augmented secretion of interlukin-6. Cellular nitric oxide content also significantly went up in comparison to the non-LPS treatment. When the LPS-treated RAW264.7 was treated with the aqueous Phellinus baumii extracts, however, the expression of ERS markers markedly reduced and the release of nitric oxide declined. Also, the expression of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) notably diminished similarly as the NO content. In conclusion, this study strongly indicated that aqueous Phellinus baumii extract can be utilized directly as anti-inflammation agent and serves as a source of functional ingredient to lessen the inflammation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.875-883
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• 2002

Purpose : Airways eosinophilia and increased IgE, characteristic features of asthma, result from a predominant Th2 response. In this study, we investigated the effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the inhibition of airways eosinophilia in mice with established airway inflammation. We also investigated the immunological mechanisms involved. Methods : Groups of BALB/c mice were sensitized intradermally with ovalbumin(OVA). At week 10, airway inflammation was induced by intranasal challenge of the mice with OVA. At week 14, the mice were challenged intranasally again with OVA in the presence and without the presence of CpG ODNs. Mice with saline administration served as negative controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids(BALF) were obtained and eosinophils were counted. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the spleen cell cultures were measured by ELISA. Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG2a antibodies were also measured by ELISA. Results : BALF eosinophils were significantly inhibited in the CpG ODNs-treated mice(P<0.01). IgE and IgG2a levels increased significantly in both CpG ODNs-treated and untreated groups as compared to the negative control group; there was, however, no significant difference between the two groups four days after intranasal administration of CpG ODNs. Cytokine analysis revealed decreased production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and increased production of IL-12 in the CpG ODNs-treated group as compared to the untreated group. Interestingly, $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels were not upregulated in the CpG ODNs-treated group. Conclusion : CpG ODNs vaccination is a potentially useful approach for reversing airways eosinophilia in mice with established airways inflammation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.977-982
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• 2006

Purpose : There has been an increasing amount of literature concerning the association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma pathogenesis. Interleukin(IL)-6 stimulates the differentiation of monocytes, and can promote Th2 differentiation and simultaneously inhibit Th1 polarization. IL-8 is a potent chemoattractant and, it has been suggested, has a role in asthma pathogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by airway epithelium may be important in the regulation of airway inflammation and reactivity. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) has been reported to be a mediator of airway remodeling in asthma. We investigated the effects of M. pneumoniae on IL-6, IL-8, NO and VEGF production in human respiratory epithelial cells. Methods : A549 cells were cultured and inoculated with M. pneumoniae at a dose of 20 cfu/cell. After infection, the presence of M. pneumoniae in epithelial cell cultures was monitored by immunofluorescence and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detection. IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. NO was measured using the standard Griess reaction. Results : In A549 cells, M. pneumoniaeinduced IL-6, IL-8, NO and VEGF release in time-dependent manners. It also induced mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in similar manners. Conclusion : These observations suggest that M. pneumoniae might have a role in the pathogenesis of the allergic inflammation of bronchial asthma.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 1995

Metosonimus yokosawai was found deeply invaded into the submucosa of the small intestine of mice (ICR) when they were immunosuppressed by prednisolone injection. Experimental groups consisted of control, fluke infection (1,800 metacercariae per mouse) and fluke infection plus immunosuppression. In fluke infection group, many worms were found sectioned in the intervillous space of the jejunum and ileum at 6 hrs, 12 hrs, and 1 day after infection, and pathological changes characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were observed. After 3 days, only a few worms were found in intestinal sections, and after 7 days, the pathological changes became minimal. No worm was found penetrated beyond the mucosal layer. On the other hand, in immunosuppressed mice, numerous worms were found sectioned in the duodenum and jejunum, irrespective of the infection period up to 14 days. Pathological changes of the mucosa were minimal until 3 days after infection, but at 5 days marked destruction of the mucosal layer was observed. At this time many flukes were found invaded deeply into the submucosa facing the muscular layer. Despite continuous immunosuppression, the mucosal damage was gradually recovered at 7-21 days post-infection. The results showed that immunosuppression of ICR mice can induce, for a short perid of time, severe mucosal damage, and allow deep invasion of M. yokogcuwai into the submucosa of the small intestine.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.607-621
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• 1997

GRP was known as the modulator of Pain transmission in central nervous system and local effector to peripheral tissue causing vasodilation, increased blood flow, modulation of immune sysem, stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation, and stimulation of bone formation. Numerous study, therefore, were done to elucidate involvement of CGRP to tooth movement. To investgate the response of CGRP immunoreactive nerve cells according to cell size in trigeminal ganglion during tooth movement, immunohistochemical study was performed using rat. Experimental rats(9 weeks old, 210 gm) were divided as six groups(normal(n=6), 3 hour group(n=5), 12 hour group(n=4), 1 day group(n=5), 3 day group(n=5), 7 day group(n=5)), and were applied orthodontic force (approximately 30 gm) to upper right maxillary molar. After frozen sections of trigeminal ganglions were immunostained using rabbit antisera, the changes of CGRP immunoreactive cells in regard to cell size distribution(small cell(upto $20{\mu}m$), medium cell($20-35{\mu}m$), large cell(above $35{\mu}m$)) were observed. The results were as follows 1. The percentage of CGRP immunoreactive cells to all nerve cells in trigeminal ganglion was 33.0% in normal control group, was decreased to 24.5% in 1 day group, and was increased to 41.8% in 7 day group. 2. The percentage of small, medium, and large cells expressing CGRP immunoreactivity in normal trigeminal ganglion to all CGRP immunoreactive cells were 51.3%, 44.0%, 4.7%, respectively. 3. The percentage of small cells with CGRP immunoreactivity to all CGRP immunopositive cells was increased in 3 hour and 12 hour groups. 4. The percentage of medium cells with CGRP immunoreactivity was increaed in 3 day and 7 day groups. 5. The percentage of large cells with CGRP immunoreactivity was increaed in 7 day group. Conclusively, the small cells with CGRP immunoreactivity in trigeminal ganglion respond to orthodontic force during initial phase of tooth movement, and later the medium and large cells with CGRP immunoreactivity respond

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.337-339
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• 2006

A 4-year-old, spayed female Maltese dog was presented for evaluation of acute onset of generalized tremor, right-sided head tilt, horizontal nystagmus, and mild ataxia with 4-day duration. However, the dog was bright, alert, and responsive. The neurological examinations revealed that bilateral horizontal-, positional nystagmus, and mild ataxia. Menace responses were also absent in both eyes. Typically, moderate generalized intension tremors were noted in four limbs and the head. No abnormalities were found in hemogram, radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) revealed a mild nonsuppurative inflammation. Thus, steroid responsive tremor syndrome(SRTS) was strongly suspected because of its inflammatory and idiopathic features. The dog excellently responded to immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroid. Therefore, we definitively diagnosed the dog as SRTS based on the exclusion of other causes of the tremor, clinical signs, and response to treatment. This is a first case report of SRTS in our country and we here describe clinical and neurological features in SRTS.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2003

We experienced a patient(53-year-old female) with knee joint effusion, pain and stiffness who had not responded to steroid injection therapy, significantly improved by bee venom acupuncture in clinical symptom. And for a opinion that prohibited bee venom acupuncture on DM because of increasing serum glucose level by increasing serum cortisol level, we also experienced that serum glucose level of DM patient stabilized by bee Venom acupuncture treatments, so we report this case with literature review of articles.