• Title/Summary/Keyword: 맹자(孟子)

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유사배(劉師培)의 『중국민약정의』 연구 - 「상고(上古)」를 중심으로 -

  • Cheon, Byeong-Don
    • Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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    • v.126
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    • pp.403-422
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    • 2013
  • 유사배(劉師培)는 '반청(反淸)'에서 반전통의 '무정부주의'로, 그리고 '친청(親淸)'으로 변절하는 파란만장한 삶을 살았다. "중국민약정의(中國民約精義)"는 유사배(劉師培)가 무정부운동을 하기 전, 즉 1903년에 완성한 저서다. 1903년은 유사배(劉師培)가 고향을 떠나 상해(上海)에서 반만(反滿) 운동을 시작했던 시기이고, 1907년 일본으로 유학가기 전 4년 여 동안 유사배(劉師培)는 반청(反淸) 운동에 적극적이었다. 따라서 "중국민약정의(中國民約精義)"는 무정부주의자들의 이념인 '반전통(反傳統)'의 관점에서 저술된 것이 아님을 알 수 있다. "중국민약정의(中國民約精義)" 서문은 다음과 같은 중요한 의미를 내포하고 있다. 첫째, 유사배(劉師培)가 참조한 루소의 "민약론"은 양정동(楊廷棟)이 일본어판을 보고 중국어로 번역한 "민약론"이다. 둘째, "민약론"의 내용은 널리 알려지지 않았다. 셋째, 원고는 1903년 이전에 완성되었고, 책은 1904년에 출판되었다. 유사배(劉師培)는 "주역"을 통해서는 '군민(君民)의 일체(一體)'를, "상서"를 통해서는 '군민(君民)이 국가의 공동주인'임을 밝혔다. "시"는 '민의(民意)의 표현'이라고 했으며, "춘추"를 통해 군주세습제와 민권(民權) 그리고 민의(民意)에 의해 관료 등용 등을 주장했다. "논어"를 통해서는 군신(君臣)의 대등 관계와 군민의 일체를 다시 강조하고, "맹자"와 "순자"를 통해 군주가 신성불가침의 영역이 아니기 때문에 민의(民意)를 근거로 군주도 바꿀 수 있다고 했다. 유사배(劉師培)의 이러한 주장만 놓고 보면, 중국은 비록 전제군주체제에 있었지만, 사람들은(人民) 민주제도를 향유한 것 같다. 그러나 실제로는 이와는 정반대의 길을 걸었던 것이 중국이다. 문제는 유사배(劉師培)의 주장처럼 루소의 "민약론"에 버금가는 사상과 역사적 사실이 있었음에도 불구하고, 그것을 제도화된 적이 없다는 점이다. 유사배(劉師培)가 "중국민약정의(中國民約精義)"에서 서술한 '민약(民約)'은 치도(治道) 방면과 비슷하다. 그러나 정도(政道) 방면에 대해서는 거의 언급이 없다. 게다가 서술된 '민약'의 내용이 한 번도 제도화된 적이 없다는 점에 대해 아무런 언급이 없다. 결국 비록 "중국민약정의(中國民約精義)"가 중국 전통사상에서 서구의 '민주' 개념을 모색했다는 점에서 높이 평가할 수 있으나, 그것을 제도화하지 못하고 또 치도(治道)에만 치중해 서술한 점이 "중국민약정의(中國民約精義)"의 약점이다.

Optimal Manufacturing Condition and Quality Properties of the Drinking Extract of Disk Abalone (음용 전복추출액의 최적 제조조건 및 품질 특성)

  • Yoo, Maeng-Ja;Chung, Hee-Jong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.827-832
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to develop and characterize a drinking extract of disk abalone to keep the price level and to raise a added value of disk abalone. Fresh raw disk abalone was composed of 29.3% of the shell part, 17.7% of the intestinal part, and 43.9% of the flesh part. and the amount of nutritive substances in the intestinal part were higher those in the flesh part. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid both in raw and drinking extract of disk abalone. Drinking extract prepared with 250 g of the flesh of disk abalone at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours was better in color and overall taste than those made with 150 g or 200 g of the flesh. As the extracting temperature was gradually increased or the extracting period was gradually extended, the extracting effect was slightly improved but the color of the extract turned out to undesirable one. The desirable sea tangle extract could be made when 15 g of sea tangle was extracted in 1 l of water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours, and which was accorded well with the color of drinking abalone extract. From these results the best drinking extract of disk abalone can be manufactured with 250 g of the abalone flesh extracted in 1 l of water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours.

A Critical Review on Jeong Yakyong's Preference Theory of Human Nature (정다산(丁茶山)의 성기호설(性嗜好說)에 대한 주자학적(朱子學的) 반론(反論))

  • Lee, Sangik
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.29
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    • pp.55-88
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    • 2010
  • Jeong Yakyong deconstructs the Li theory of human nature in order to restore the original tradition of Confucius and Mencius. He downgrades theoretical statuses of Taeguk(ultimate pole) and Li, and denies truth values of the sameness premise of human nature and Li. He argues that human nature must be non other than mind's preference, and thus that human substance must not be human nature, but mind. Since mind can do good things as well as bad things, he tries to lead mind to do good things by way of restoring a primitive worship for Sangje(heavenly emperor). However, his major concepts and premises do not fit with original meanings of old confucian biblical books. Futhermore, his preference theory of human nature contains many contradictions and errors. Thus, his theory could not be evaluated as one which had transcended the Li theory of human nature.

A study on distinctive view of Cheng I's the sage-theory (정이(程?) 성인론(聖人論)의 특징에 관한 고찰)

  • Kim, Sang-Rae
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.56
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    • pp.151-180
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    • 2018
  • Since the completion of the theories on human ethics and moral had been established to pursue by Confucian thinkers like Confucius and Mencius, they generally had agreed to present the basic principles for human education which every human could be the sage. In these principles for human ethics and morality there is on the premise that the knowledge about your own ethical and that the completion of the so-called act(爲) and learning(學). They had given to us that how to get a goal for the ethical and moral lives there are several academic oriented methodology will have act and learning set. In the point of achieving complete figures which act and learning for good society, there was named the sage(聖). This concept sage has two major types. One is on for the political figures that completed, and the other one is for the realm of academic side. Confucian as above mentioned the moral human being is equipped with a complete personality and political ability to make man and society perfect. Confucius has been understood as a complete human being. Yes, ideal for these two types of figures will be fulfilled in some way? They take a mystical ability to a priori or a posteriori, such as human effort can reach the sage. There are many thinkers are obvious and logical answer for this major problem in the system of confucian philosophy I have been trying. About the sage(聖), inherently natural learning(生知) occur to the position sage or knowledge (學知), can lead to there are two of the doctrine for that problem. With the study of learning and knowledge on human beings and real society the two systems concerned together. In fact, the main content of the "Analects of Confucius" we have a set of ethical and moral values not the benevolent conversation about Jin(仁) and his disciples a steady emphasis but on in praise of learning (學) for. However, at the time in Han Tang(漢唐) Han Wi(韓愈) and Wang Chung(王充), according to such thinkers the sage is already a priori determined, cannot be reached by human effort. But At the beginning of the Neo-Confucianism, Cheng I(程?) for the pioneer this Song(宋) scholars, regarding this issue could rebirth the thought that every human could be the sage through the learning as the pre-Chin(先秦) times.

The Aspect to Receive Pre-Chin Study of One Hundred Schools in Cho Sun Dynasty-Centered on the criticism and understanding of Hsün Tzu (조선조에서의 선진(先秦) 제자학(諸子學) 수용 양상 - 순자(荀子)에 대한 비판과 이해를 중심으로 -)

  • Yun, Muhak
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.25
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    • pp.251-292
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    • 2009
  • In this thesis, the status of Pre-Chin Study of One Hundred Schools in the history of Korean thoughts, and in addition, the reception of $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu's ideology and the aspect of its development in Korea were examined. Moreover, the different understandings of $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu and their trend of the times were summarized through the intellectuals' collection of works from the end of Goryeo Dynasty and the beginning of Cho Sun Dynasty to 18-19 century. What was revealed through the study can be summed up as the followings. From the age of Three States to the middle part of Goryeo Dynasty, few intellectuals regarded other schools or philosophers among Study of One Hundred Schools as heresies and blamed them. However, since Mencius had been established as the legitimate classical scripture of Confucianism after the end of Goryeo Dynasty and the beginning of Cho Sun Dynasty, other Pre-Chin philosophers including $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu had started to be regarded and criticized as heresies. Intellectuals of Goryeo Dynasty and the early Cho Sun Dynasty made various estimates on $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu's doctrine of the evilness of human nature, but we can see the understanding of $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu became deeper. In the heyday of Neo-Confucianism in Cho Sun Dynasty, the intensity of the criticism on $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu by intellectuals rather tended to decrease, compared to that of the early Cho Sun Dynasty, which produced contrary evidence that the world view of Sung Confucianism, based on Mencius' doctrine of the goodness of human nature, had been already established. Also, even the intellectuals criticizing the evilness of human nature positively quoted $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu's other ideas in general. In 17th century, there were some arguments to conclude $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu as Legalism, but the general trend came to accept Study of One Hundred Schools constructively, challenging the authority of Sung Confucianism, or based on positive school. In 18th century, it can be confirmed that the understanding on $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu became broader, and particularly in the historical research of letters, $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu's original texts and annotations were used in many ways. In short, the intellectuals' criticism on $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu in Cho Sun Dynasty was always grounded on his argument of the evilness of human nature, and furthermore, on connecting it to Legalism, related to the Fenshukengru. On the other hand, it can be said that they generally accepted other ideas of $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu positively, except for the idea of the evilness of human nature. However, it's worth paying attention to the fact that those intellectuals who criticized $Hs{\ddot{u}}n$ Tzu could easily meet with the books of Study of One Hundred Schools, and relatively had an open attitude in terms of knowledge.

A Study on an Estimated Location of Seongjae Ryu, Junggyo's Okgye Gugok in GaPyeong-Gun (성재 유중교의 가평 옥계구곡 위치추정 연구)

  • Kang, Kee-Rae;Lee, Hae-Ju;Lee, Hyun-Chae;Kim, Hee-Chae;Kim, Dong-Phil;Ha, Seung Kun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.32-40
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    • 2017
  • The introduction of neo-Confucianism as the ideological foundation of Joseon, and its root Confucianism have become the origin of the life, scholarship and ideology of the Korean people. Additionally, it was considered the best to follow the teachings of the discipline's advocates including Confucius (孔子), Mencius (孟子), Zisi (子思), ZhuXi (朱子). Among these teachers, ZhuXi was the one who overtly presented the way of self-discipline, of which goal lies in attaining the character by the manifestation of vitality (氣 ki) and rationality (理 i) and contemplating on them. As he regarded natural places with mountains and waters as stages and tools for practicing toward the enlightenment, Confucian scholars in Joseon also followed his example in the spirit of honoring and studying ZhuXi (尊朱子, 學朱子), which became the basic thoughts and practical philosophy among them. Ryu, Junggyo, the neo-Confucian dogmatist, was no exception to applaud the nature, as he designated and ruled Okgye Gugok. On the basis of these backgrounds, this study aims to estimate the geographic places of Okgye Gugok, which was set by Ryu, Junggyo, a Confucian scholar in late-Joseon period, by collecting and analyzing the basic data, starting from Gareung-gun Okgye Sansugi(嘉陵郡玉溪山水記) which is the primary text authored by Seongjae Ryu, Junggyo. The literature study is followed by ten field trips to the estimated locations of Okgye Gugok, and verification of the estimations by three locals who were born and raised in Okgye Gugok. Coordinates and photographs were obtained as spatial data for each location of nine Gok(曲) estimated through this study. They will serve as a primary and critical data for story-telling and tourism resource in Okgye Gugok. The significance of this study is that it provides the primary data for designating the locations of Gok(曲) in Okgyeo Gugok.

Web Accessibility of Healthcare Websites of Korean Government and Public Agencies: Automated and Expert Evaluations (정부 및 공공기관의 보건 관련 웹 사이트의 웹 접근성 - 자동 및 전문가 평가 -)

  • Yi, Yong Jeong
    • Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.283-304
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study was to identify Web accessibility issues of healthcare websites of the Korean government and public agencies by evaluating these websites' accessibility in accordance with the Korean Web Contents Accessibility Guideline. This study conducted both automated and expert testing to assess the accessibility of a total of 27 health-related websites. The results of the assessment which was conducted in two stages indicated that institutions such as the National Hospital and National Rehabilitation Center demonstrated almost no Web accessibility error. In addition, the Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Health Services Agency, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and the Korea Medical Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Agency attained very high web accessibility. However, the results of an expert evaluation highlighted that there were considerable errors in providing appropriate alternative text, which was not found in the automated test, and the color contrast of the text content did not comply with Web accessibility standard. Therefore, these websites did not support web accessibility for the sight-impaired. Furthermore, the present study found that it was difficult to deliver accurate information to users due to errors in the default language display and markup, and also, issues of skipping repeated content, content linearization, and compliance with keyboard use were considered as challenges that might arise for people with sight, cognitive and mobility impairments with respect to Web accessibility. It is the first study that evaluated accessibility of healthcare websites of the Korean government and public agencies based on the Korean Web Contents Accessibility Guideline. The present study made a contribution to research on Web accessibility by conducting expert testing, which provided a more complete assessment that identified the degree and specific issues of accessibility errors when compared to automated testing.

A Study on the Import to Chosun and It's Distributions of the Saseodaejeon Published by Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (영락(永樂) 내부각본(內府刻本) <사서대전(四書大全)>의 조선(朝鮮) 전래(傳來)와 유포(流布))

  • Song, Il-Gie
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.48 no.1
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    • pp.97-116
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    • 2014
  • When the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty seized the power as the emperor of China, he issued a royal order to Hokwang and others, to publish a book entitled "Sambudaejeon," in the name of following the death-bed instruction of Taizu. The book was completed no less then 10 months after the order was issued in September 1415(Yongle 13). With the first copy imported from the Ming Dynasty as the original script, Sambudaejeon was engraved on wood by going sharing with 3 provinces including Gyeongsang-do, Jeonlla-do, and Gangwon-do, during the period of 1427~1428(Sejong 9~10). The result of surveying and analysing the distribution of the Ming Dynasty was imported to Chosun, shows that the engraving copy of the original script from the Ming was published more then 18 times in Chosun, among which only 50 types are identified to exist currently. As a result of analyzing these 50 existing types, This status of publication suggests that the books were intensively published and distributed in Gyeonggi and Gyeongsang provinces where the demands for the books were urgent, to meet the needs when the books were rapidly lost during the period of Japanese invasion.

Changes in Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties in Low-Temperature and Long-Term Fermented Kimchi during Fermentation (묵은 김치 제조과정에서의 이화학적 및 미생물학적 특성변화)

  • Yoo, Maeng-Ja;Kim, Hyung-Ryang;Chung, Hee-Jong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.431-441
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    • 2001
  • To develop the low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi, kimchi was prepared according to the recipe of a specific ratio of major and minor ingredients and adjusted its salinity to 3.7%. Prepared kimchi fermented at $15{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and transferred and fermented in a refrigerator only used to make low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi at $-1{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 30 weeks. During 30 weeks of fermentation the changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties of low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi were studied. The initial pH of 6.47 decrease gradually and dropped to pH 4.0 after 14 weeks of fermentation, and then it maintained at same level. Acidity increased to 0.49% on 2 weeks of fermentation and kept at 0.47 $\sim$0.50% during 2 to 30 weeks fermentation. Salinity was slightly increased at early stage and started to decrease on 4 weeks of fermentation, and then it did not change. The change of reducing sugar content was closely related to the trend of pH change with a very high correlation coefficient(r =0.912). Lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and acetic acid were major organic acids contained in low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi. Vitamin C content decreased at initial stage of fermentation and then slightly increased up to the maximum of 22.3 mg% on 8weeks of fermentation. In color measurement, L value continued to increase during the fermentation and reached at the highest of 55.45 on 22 weeks of fermentation, and a and b values of 3.62 and 4.54 also increased to 31.26 and 37.32 on 30 weeks of fermentation, respectively. Total microbial count increased slowly from beginning and was the highest on 4 weeks of fermentation, and then began to decrease slowly. Count of Lactobacillus spp. was highest after 6weeks, but count of Lactobacillus spp. was highest on 2 weeks of fermentation, and then both showed a slow decrease. Yeast count wasn't increased until 4 weeks of fermentation and then increased rapidly to get the highest on 10 weeks of fermentation.

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A Study on Concepts of Stay·Practice·Meet·Manage through The Chapter of < Meditative Essay·Synopsis of Confucianism·I stay > (<격치고(格致藁)·유략(儒略)·아지(我止)>장(章)을 통한 지행우결(止行遇決)의 개념(槪念) 고찰(考察))

  • Chi, Gyoo-yong
    • Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.27-38
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    • 1999
  • This study is carried out to investigate the concepts of Stay Practice Meet Manage come out of and to compare with Stay Practice Perceive Manage come out of . Through this study, several important views and understandings could be proposed as follows. 1. Stay means stay at home with Doing homeworks or any other concrete things in his best and most righteous way as possible. And there's needed virtue of diligence. 2. Practice means do good one's behavior or don't violate etiquette. And there's needed virtue of ability. 3. Meet means meet with a lot of people and put them to rights or encourage them in their goodness in the course of acquaintance. And there's needed virtue of wisdom. 4. Manage means manage business or affairs changing from time to time, that is, decide and solve the complicated affair timely. And there's needed virtue of sincerity. 5. Perceive is substituted to meet simply. The reason why mind is substituted to people. 6. The abstract and philosophical conception of Mind Body Business Things can have vivid and practical meanings by intervention of intermediary being, People Ego Heaven Earth. As for Dongmoo, 4 items of Stay Practice Meet Manage are the aims and methods to accomplish the Confucian's utopia tilled with righteousness.

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