• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 1999

Oil leaked from underwound storage tanks and leachate from sanitary landfills have been known as contaminant sources of the high-quality groundwater resources. The mobility of contaminants in the aquifer largely depends on the groundwater flow and the determination of associated hydraulic parameters is essential for a proper remediation of contaminated grnundwater. This study aimed at determining an optimum set of hydraulic parameters for an unconfined sandy aquifer of a laboratory scale through comparison of various methods. Results showed that the specific yield obtained from gravity drainage experiment was an average of 0.20 with minor variations in aquifer depths. and the permeabilities obtained from Dupuit approximation and slug test gave similar values of 5.33 cm/min and 5.85 cm/min but the constant head method gave 0.17 cm/min, which is much ion than the other methods. This experimental evidence reveals that the permeability of the unconfined sandy aquifer could be accurately determined by Dupuit assumption or slug tut rather than by constant head method conducted for a disturbed separate soil column.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1997

The river and groundwater are contaminated by pollution source of a waste landfill and others near river. The contaminant transport and response of aquifer parameters are studied in the aquifer affected by variation of river stage. First, the equation for component of variation velocity with river stage is developed by using the analytical solution of groundwater governing equation. The numerical model which considered component of variation velocity is constructed for the transport of mass by advection and dispersion. In order to verify a numerical scheme, the analytical solution is used. The numerical solution is coincided with the analytical one. Aquifer parameters of Nanjido are used as the data for numerical experiment. Second, the range of aquifer parameters is established in order to reponse contaminant transport in aquifer with river stage. The result of numerical experiment shows that the range of the storage coefficient except hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity is relatively sensitive to the contaminant transport. When the storage coefficient is the order of 10$\^$－2/, the response is very sensitive to the variation of river stage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2011

고온 스퍼터 공정과 구리 리플로우 공정을 통해 다공성 니켈 지지체에 팔라듐-구리-니켈 삼원계 합금 수소 분리막을 제조하였다. 그러나 스퍼터와 같은 물리적 증착법은 주로 주상정 형태로 증착되기 때문에 다공성 니켈 지지체 표면의 수마이크론 내외의 기공이 존재할 경우 다공성 니켈 지지체에 기인한 많은 기공들 때문에 스퍼터 증착에 영향을 주어 수소 분리막 표면에 기공들이 존재하게 된다. 이를 방지하고 균일한 증착이 이루어지도록 다공성 지지체 표면의 전처리 공정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 스퍼터 코팅에 의한 균일한 팔라듐 금속층 형성하고 표면에 미세기공이 없는 수소 분리막을 제조하기 위해 다공성 니켈 지지체를 니켈도금, 알루미나 분말 주입 및 미세연마 전처리 공정을 통하여 다공성 니켈 지지체의 표면기공들을 매립하여 치밀한 팔라듐 합금 층을 형성하였다. 전처리를 하지 않은 다공성 니켈 지지체는 팔라듐 및 구리의 고온 스퍼터 증착 및 구리 리플로우 공정에 의해 표면 기공을 막을 수가 없었고 수소분리기능이 없어 수소 분리막으로 역할을 하지 못했다. Al2O3 분말 주입 전처리 공정을 한 다공성 니켈 지지체에 팔라듐 및 구리 고온 스퍼터 증착과 구리 리플로우 공정을 이용하여 제조된 수소 분리막은 다공성 니켈 지지체에 기인한 기공을 메우기 위해서 팔라듐 합금 층이 두꺼워지는 어려움이 있었다. 니켈도금 전처리 공정을 한 다공성 니켈 지지체에 형성한 수소 분리막은 우수한 선택도를 가졌으나 도금 전처리에 사용된 $2{\mu}m$ 두께의 니켈층이 수소의 확산을 방해하는 저항막 역할을 하여 수소 투과도가 3.96 $ml{\cdot}cm-2{\cdot}min-1{\cdot}atm-1$으로 낮게 나타났다. 미세연마 전처리 공정을 한 다공성 니켈 지지체에 형성한 수소 분리막 역시 우수한 수소 선택도를 가졌으며, 수소의 확산을 방해하는 저항막이 존재하지 않아 13.2 $ml{\cdot}cm-2{\cdot}min-1{\cdot}atm-1$의 우수한 수소 투과도를 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2014

To create a large-scale complex, it is often the case to perform ground improvement by using vertical drain method after the reclamation of coastal soft ground, for construction period shortening and stable site renovation. During this process, the pore water migrates to the horizontal drainage layer of the ground surface through the vertical drain installed in the soft ground and discharged out to the open. In the past sand was used as the material for the horizontal drainage layer in numerous cases, however recently, due to material shortage and high pricing, the use of crushed stones has increased. To prevent mixing of the materials between the horizontal drainage layer and the upper landfill, geosynthetics (PPMat) are installed. However, the use of geosynthetics results in high additional cost for material purchase and installation, therefore it is necessary to examine the validity of the installation itself. In this study, to verify the necessity, model tests were performed. Results from the model tests indicate that the drainage ability of the horizontal drainage layer is barely affected by the application of geosynthetics.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

A bentonite mixing with local soil widely used as liner layer for landfill should have low permeability less than $1{\times}10^{-7}cm/s$. But there are several limitations of bentonite used as liner layer, such as drying shrinkage cracking, ineffective waterproof ability under salt water condition like flocculation under sea water. The purpose of this research is the development of a salt resistance bentonite by mixing sepiolite and guar gum to overcome the weak points of bentonite to get high water resistance capacity and permeability coefficient below $1{\times}10^{-7}cm/s$ under salt water condition. After having performed drying shrinkage cracking test, swelling index test, compaction test, and hydraulic conductivity test we confirmed the optimal mixing ratio of materials and evaluated the performance of materials.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.287-299
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• 2002

The residue levels of total PCBs in the surface samples were detected low concentration compared to the coastal area in Korea, and the PCBs pattern were very similarly to the arochlor mixture(1016+1232+1248+1260). The selected area divided into three area(Kanghwa:A, Yellow:B and Jangdo:C) by depending on the chlorine ratio. The PCBs were mainly detected dichlorinated and trichlorinated biphenyls in far sea, and heptachlorinated and octachlorinated biphenyls in the near the Incheon coastal area. The residue levels of PCBs were detected 0.72${\sim}$9.20 ng/g in the surface samples, 1.60~3.00 ng/g for Kanghwa and 0.34~9.20 ng/g for Jangdo in the core samples, and the PCBs concentration increased from bottom to top.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.63-72
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• 2005

Rocks are dumped to soft marine ground in order to improve trafficability and construction conditions in the tideland reclamation construction sites. Though this rock layer under earth fill has caused in a serious seepage problems after construction, seepage behaviors of this embankment structure is not correctly investigated. Water flow through rock layers is, in general, known as Non-Darcy's flow. However, the embedded rock layer under earth fill is not known whether its flow is governed by Darcy's or Non-Darcy's law. Therefore, a numerical analysis, laboratory model test and filed investigations were performed for analyzing the those seepage characteristics in this research. Results show that there is significance of $95\%$ of confidence between observed heads and seepage rates, and the calculated ones by SAMTLE which is developed under the assumption that the water flows through the two-layer system obey the Darcy's flow. And after operating the hydraulic gradient(i) of $0.10\~0.55$ upon laboratory model, these seepage characteristics of the embedded rock layer show that Reynolds Numbers are less than 10 and the relationship between these velocities of rock layer(v) and hydraulic gradients(i) is linearly proportional with more than 0.79 of the coefficient of correlation $(R^2)$. And the Reynolds Number of the velocity calculated by the relation of v=ki in the embedded rock layer of OO sea dike is $1\~6$. It shows also laminar flow. Based on these results, it is concluded that the seepage characteristics of embedded rock layer under earth fill can be laminar and Darcy's flow.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 2002

We have derived an analytical expression for the sensitivity of the frequency domain small-loop electromagnetic (EM) surveys over a two-layer earth in order to estimate the depth of investigation with an instrument having the source-receiver separation of about 2 m. We analyzed the sensitivities to the lower layer normalized by those to the upper half-space and estimated the depth of investigation from the sensitivity analyses and the mutual impedance ratio. The computational results showed that the in-phase components of the sensitivity to the lower layer dominates those to the upper layer when the thickness of the upper layer is less than 20 m, while the quadrature components are not sensitive to the lower layer over the entire frequency range. Hence we confirmed that the accurate measurement of the in-phase component is essential to increase the depth of investigation in the multi-frequency small-loop EM survey. When conductive basement of 10 ohm-m underlies the upper layer of 100 ohm-m, an accurate measurement of the in-phase components ensures the depth of the investigation more than 10 m even accounting a noise effect, from which we conclude that the small-loop EM survey is quite effective in imaging the conductive plume down to a considerable depth. On the other hand, in the presence of the resistive basement of 1,000 ohm-m, the depth of investigation may not exceed 5 m considering the instrumental accuracy, which implies that the application of the small-loop EM survey is not recommended over the resistive environment other than detecting the buried conductor.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

Song-Do international city is the area developed in large-scale land reclamation. Song-Do area consists of reclamation layer, sedimentary layer(loose silt, soft clay and sand alternating) and residual layer from the ground surface. Therefore, using pile foundation is inevitable to build structures safely. In this area, driven PHC piles have been generally constructed in terms of environmental and economic conditions. As a result of analyzing 4 sites in Song-Do district 5 and 7 recently, the method of driving pile has many problems because of existence of rigid soil in sedimentary layer and installation of more than 30m piles. In this case, when installing piles by drive after pre-boring up to appropriate depth, the results of constructability analysis were very good. And in the economic efficiency, although 4% of construction cost rose, it was a very slight increase in comparison with improvement of workability. In the case of the stability, more than 70% compared to the allowable stress of piles was satisfied through the load test. As a result, when PHC piles is installed in Song-Do district, the proper construction method is that piles are located at bearing layer after boring rigid sand layer.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.403-418
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to characterize the fate and transport of Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater in the Daejeon industrial area. Five subsidiary monitoring wells were newly installed and two existing wells were utilized for the investigation and the reduction process of Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater of the Daejeon(Mun-pyeong) national groundwater monitoring station. The Cr(VI) concentrations at the shallow aquifer well of the station were in the range of 3.2-4.5 mg/L indicating continuous contamination. However, Cr was not detected at the deep bedrock well and the other monitoring wells except MPH-1 and 3. The Cr(VI) concentrations of MPH-1 and MPH-3 were below the drinking water guideline value (0.05 mg/L). Therefore, the plume of the Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater was predicted to be confined within the narrow boundary around the station. The soluble/exchangeable Cr(VI) concentrations were below the detection limit in all core and slime samples taken from the five newly installed wells. Although the exact source of contamination was not directly detected in the study area, the spatial Cr(VI) distribution in groundwater and characteristics of the core samples indicated that the source and the dispersion range were confined within the 100 m area from the monitoring station. The contamination might be induced from the unlined landfill of industrial wastes which was observed during the installation of an subsidiary monitoring well. For the evaluation of the natural attenuation of Cr(VI), available reduction capacities of Cr(VI) with an initial concentration of 5 mg/L were measured in soil and aquifer materials. Dark-gray clay layer samples have high capacities of Cr(VI) reduction ranging from 58 to 64%, which is obviously related to organic carbon contents of the samples. The analysis of reduction capacities implied that the soil and aquifer materials controlled the dispersion of Cr(VI) contamination in this area. However, some possibilities of dispersion by the preferential flow cannot be excluded due to the limited numbers of monitoring wells. We suggest the removal of Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater by periodical pumping, and the continuous groundwater quality monitoring for evaluation of the Cr(VI) dispersion should be followed in the study area.