• Trans-
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• 제7권
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• pp.19-48
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• 2019

This study was described to examine the meaning of the media exhibition work <70mK>, which aims to capture the topography of the collective consciousness of the Korean people through large-scale interviews. <70mK> edits and organizes interview images of individual beings in mosaic-like layouts and forms, creating video exhibitions and holding exhibitions. The objects in the split frame show the continuity of differences that reveal their own thoughts and personalities. This is a synchronic and conscious collective typology in which the intrinsic nature of the individuals is embodied in a simultaneous and holistic image. Interview images reveal their own form as a actual being and convey the intrinsic nature of one's own as oral information. <70mK> constructs a new individualization by aesthetically structuring the forms and information of life individuals in the extension of a specific group. The beings in the frame are not communicating with each other and are looking straight ahead. it conveys to visitors their relationship and personality as the preindividual reality. It is the repetitive arrangement and composition of heterogeneity and difference that each individual shows, and is a chain operation that includes collective identity behind it. <70mK> constructs the direct images and sounds of individual interviewee, creating a new form of information transfer called Video Art Exhibition. This makes metaphors and perceptions of the meaning and process of transindividual relationships and the meaning of psychic individuation and collective individuation. This is an appropriate case to explain with modern technology and individualization of Gilbert Simondon thought together with the meaning of becoming and relation of individualization. The exhibition space constructed by <70mK> is an aesthetic methodology of the psychic and collective meaning and its relationship to a particular group of individuals through which they are connected. Simondon studied the meaning of the process of individualization and the meaning of becoming, and is a philosopher who positively considered the potential of modern technology. <70mK> is a new individual as structured and generated ethical reality mediated by modern technology mechanisms and network behaviors. It is an case of an aesthetic and practical methodology of how interviews function as 'transduction' in the process of individualization in which technology is cooperated. The direct images and sounds of <70mK> are systems in which the information of life individuals is carried, amplified, accumulated and transmitted. It is also a new individual as a psychic and collective landscape. It is a newly became exhibition art work through the multiple individualization, and is a representation of transindividual meanings and process. The media exhibition art of individualized metastable states leads to new relationships in which viewers perceive the same preindividual reality and feel affectivity. The exhibition space of <70mK> becomes a stage for preparing the actual possibility of the transindividual group beyond the representation of the semantic function.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.98-109
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• 2007

Over the last twenty years, farmers in Western Australia have begun to change land management practices to minimise the effects of salinity to agricultural land. A farm plan is often used as a guide to implement changes. Most plans are based on minimal data and an understanding of only surface water flow. Thus farm plans do not effectively address the processes that lead to land salinisation. A project at Broomehill in the south-west of Western Australia applied an approach using a large suite of geospatial data that measured surface and subsurface characteristics of the regolith. In addition, other data were acquired, such as information about the climate and the agricultural history. Fundamental to the approach was the collection of airborne geophysical data over the study area. This included radiometric data reflecting soils, magnetic data reflecting bedrock geology, and SALTMAP electromagnetic data reflecting regolith thickness and conductivity. When interpreted, these datasets added paddock-scale information of geology and hydrogeology to the other datasets, in order to make on-farm and in-paddock decisions relating directly to the mechanisms driving the salinising process. The location and design of surface-water management structures such as grade banks and seepage interceptor banks was significantly influenced by the information derived from the airborne geophysical data. To evaluate the effectiveness ofthis planning., one whole-farm plan has been monitored by the Department of Agriculture and the farmer since 1996. The implemented plan shows a positive cost-benefit ratio, and the farm is now in the top 5% of farms in its regional productivity benchmarking group. The main influence of the airborne geophysical data on the farm plan was on the location of earthworks and revegetation proposals. There had to be a hydrological or hydrogeological justification, based on the site-specific data, for any infrastructure proposal. This approach reduced the spatial density of proposed works compared to other farm plans not guided by site-specific hydrogeological information.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2012

The dose re-calculation process using Megavoltage cone-beam CT images is inevitable process to perform the Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART). The purpose of this study is to improve dose re-calculation accuracy using MVCBCT images by applying intensity calibration method and three dimensional rigid body transform and filtering process. The three dimensional rigid body transform and Gaussian smoothing filtering process to MVCBCT Rando phantom images was applied to reduce image orientation error and the noise of the MVCBCT images. Then, to obtain the predefined modification level for intensity calibration, the cheese phantom images from kilo-voltage CT (kV CT), MVCBCT was acquired. From these cheese phantom images, the calibration table for MVCBCT images was defined from the relationship between Hounsfield Units (HUs) of kV CT and MVCBCT images at the same electron density plugs. The intensity of MVCBCT images from Rando phantom was calibrated using the predefined modification level as discussed above to have the intensity of the kV CT images to make the two images have the same intensity range as if they were obtained from the same modality. Finally, the dose calculation using kV CT, MVCBCT with/without intensity calibration was applied using radiation treatment planning system. As a result, the percentage difference of dose distributions between dose calculation based on kVCT and MVCBCT with intensity calibration was reduced comparing to the percentage difference of dose distribution between dose calculation based on kVCT and MVCBCT without intensity calibration. For head and neck, lung images, the percentage difference between kV CT and non-calibrated MVCBCT images was 1.08%, 2.44%, respectively. In summary, our method has quantitatively improved the accuracy of dose calculation and could be a useful solution to enhance the dose calculation accuracy using MVCBCT images.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제70권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1985

The purpose of this experiment lies in finding the most appropriate cutting condition of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. which has been considered valuable tree species in gardening. Statistical analysis was focused on the comparison of the average ratios of rooting between greenhouses and fields, based on the observation rooted autogenis. To conduct this survey, hardwood cutting of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. were performed at both places of experiment above on April 20, 1982 with rooting results calculated on October 31, 1982. After formation of cuttings, it was soaked in IBA 200 ppm for 12 hours and than put in a bed. A summary of the result is presented as follows; 1) Cutting at the greenhouse showed higher average rate of rooting than at fields. Same tendency was found regardless of the differences in treatment. 2) It was clear that IBA-treatment contributed remarkably to causing higher average rooting rate. As an evidence, when twenty centimeter cuttings were inserted sandy media, IBA-treated area resulted in eighty six percent of average rooting rate, as compared with only twenty three percent in nontreatment case. In case of field cutting, IBA-treatment brought about fifty three percent of rooting in comparison with eleven percent nontreatment. 3) When sandy soil, loam and brown soil were separately used as cutting media, the highest rooting rate was found in case of sandy soil, without any difference between the two experimental places above. 4) As a result of the analysis to seek the impact of the length of cuttings on rooting, the range of length form fifteen to twenty centimeter was apparently most appropriate. It was also found that the rate of rooting declined beyond twenty five centimeter. 5) Two kinds of rooting pattern were observed. One was the case that callus cell lump was created on the lower cut side of cuttings. Importantly, root radical were formed inside the lump to influence the germination of root system. The other relates to the case that adventitious root which look like lateral roots appeared at the stem region. In abstract, first, sandy soil was effectively recommended in case of hardwood cutting in April. Second, the most appropriate length of cuttings ranged between fifteen and twenty centimeters. Third, high density IBA treatment was clearly effective. Forth, for proper environmental management, both pre-disinfection of sail by sterilizer and maintenance of high relative humidity were essentially required.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.181-202
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• 2020

The Non-Appropriation Principle was stipulated in the OST and the MA. However the MA, creating CHM in international law for the first time, attempted to further limit the prohibitions to include ownership of resources extracted from celestial bodies, its rejection by the U.S. and most of the international spacefaring community prevented it from serving as a binding international treaty. Individuals or private enterprises intending to perform space exploitation must receive approval from the nation and may not appropriate outer space or celestial bodies. In the course of this space activity, each party will be liable. Articles 6 and 7 of the OST and the Liability Convention of 1972 deal with matters concerning those problems. The CSLCA of 2015 and Luxembourg Space Resources Law of 2017 allows States to provide commercial exploration and use of space resources to their own nationals and to companies operated by other countries within their territory. These laws do not violate Article 2 of the OST. In the case of the CSLCA of 2015, the law clearly states that it cannot claim ownership, sovereignty or jurisdiction over certain celestial bodies. Even if scholars claim that the U.S. CSLCA and Luxembourg Space Resources Law violate the non-appropriation principle of the OST, they cannot prevent these two countries from extracting the space resources on "the first come, first served" basis. The legal status of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies is res extra commercium, like the high seas, where the fishing vessels from each country catch and sell fish without occupying the sea. Major space-faring nations must push for the adoption of an international regulatory committee which will oversee applications and issue permits based on a set of robust, modern, and forward-thinking ideals that are best equipped to govern and protect outer space as individuals, businesses, and nations compete to commercialize space through mining and the extraction of space-based resources. The new Corpus Juris Spatialis on the development of space resources, whether it is a treaty or a soft law such as recommendation and declaration, in the case of the Moon and Mars, will cover a certain amount of area to develop, and the development period by the states should be specified.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.223-235
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• 1993

Background: Superoxide anion which was produced by macrophage and neutrophil has a defensive role to kill invasive microorganisms and also an injurious role to produce self lung damage. Production of oxygen free radicals including superoxide is a main mechanism of acute lung injury caused by bacterial endotoxin. Endotoxin is known to activate alveolar macrophage to produce increased oxygen free radicals after the stimulation with various biological materials (priming effect). Calcium is a very important intracellular messenger in that cellular process of superoxide production. Method: This experiment was performed to elucidate the effects of endotoxin and calcium on superoxide production by phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated alveolar macrophage and the effect of verapamil on priming effect of endotoxin. Results: 1) Preincubation of macrophages with endotoxin (E. coli 055-B5) primed the cells to respond with increased superoxide production after the stimulation with PMA. Priming with endotoxin ($10^{-1}$ug/ml) produced a maximal enhancement of superoxide production (43%). 2) Verapamil could inhibit the superoxide production by PMA stimulated macrophage regardless of the presence of extracellular calcium. This means that the inhibitory effect of verapamil is caused by a mechanism independent of blocking calcium influx. 3) Verapamil could inhibit the priming effect of endotoxin on alveolar macrophage (from 30% increment to 13% increment) and could inhibit the superoxide production by PMA-stimulated macrophage preincubated with endotoxin. Conclusion: We concluded that verapamil could inhibit the superoxide production by PMA-stimulated rat alveolar macrophage and also inhibit the priming effect of endotoxin on alveolar macrophage. These inhibitory effects of verapamil could be one of the mechanisms of verapamil effects on endotoxin induced lung injury.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.364-372
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• 2001

Background : To observe the immediate and long-term results of bronchial artery embolization(BAE) for hemoptysis and the factors influencing the recurrences. Methods : This study involved 75 patients with massive, or moderate and recurrent hemoptysis, who underwent bronchial artery embolization(BAE) from 1994 to 1999. The underlying diseases included pulmonary tuberculosis in 35, bronchiectasis in 22, aspergilloma in 12, lung cancer in 3, and 3 with other diseases. Results : After BAE, bleeding was controlled immediately in 61 patients(82.7%). One patient died of another medical problem, 3 patients were referred to surgery and 5 patients could not be followed-up. In the remaining 66 patients who were followed for more than one-year after BAE, 37(56.1%) patients had another hemorrhage (26 hemoptysis, 11 minor hemosputa). Among the recurred 37 subjects, 19(51.4%) experienced hemorrhage within 1 month after BAE, 31(83.8%) within 1 year, and 36(94.1%) within 3 years. The underlying lung diseases, the amount of bleeding and the extent of the involved lungs were factors affecting the outcome, especially blood loss >500cc was an important factor affecting the recurrence rate. BAE for two cases with lung malignancy was ineffective. Long-term control of bleeding (3-year cumulative non-recurrence) was achieved in 30 subjects(45.5%). Conclusion : Bronchial artery embolization(BAE) is effective as an initial treatment for moderate to massive hemoptysis. Because most of the recurrences occurred within 3 years, it is important to follow-up such patients for at least 3 years after BAE and the most significant factor affecting the prognosis was amount of blood loss.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.106-120
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• 2001

The Busan area in the northeastern part of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone, Korea, consists mainly of Precambrian Busan and Bakdallyeong gneiss complexes, Ogcheon metamorphic rocks and Mesozoic granitoids. The Busan gneiss complex shows Heart-shaped distribution laying down eastward, and is surrounded by the Ogcheon metamorphic rocks in the central part of the Busan area. In this study structural examination on the main constituent rocks (Busan gneiss complex and Ogcheon metamorphic rocks) was conducted to clarify the geological structure of the Ogcheon metamorphic zone in the Busan area. It indicates that the geological structure was formed at least by three phases of deformation. (1) Dl deformation: the formative period of the structural units of WNW trend (Sanjeoteo, Busan-II, Busan-I, and Chungiu nappes) and the mylonitic foliations related to the compression of NNE-SSW direction, (2) D2 deformation: the differential E-W shortening and N-S extension period of the structural units of WNW trend related to the compression of E-W or WNW-ESE directions, (3) D3 deformation: the formative period of the kink or open folds of E-W trend related to the compression of N-S direction in the eastern and southern parts of Busan area where the structural units of N-S or NNE trends reoriented owing to the intense D2 deformation were developed. These three phases of deformation are closely connected with the distribution of the structural units and the Heart-shaped Busan gneiss complex laying down eastward, and in this paper a new geodynamic model to the Heart-shaped Busan gneiss complex is suggested: Dl deformation-the zonal distribution of WNW trend with a constant width, D2 deformation - the formation of convex wedges northeastward and southward, D3 deformation - the formation of concave wedge westward.