• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.249-260
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• 1990

Maximal cardiac output and oxygen uptake $(VO_{2max})$ were measured during treadmill exercise for seven top-class marathoners and nine non-athletes using impedance cardiograph developed by one of the authors (DW Kim). Results of this study are summarized as belows. 1) New shoes with sponge and silicon rubber attached to the soles were developed to reduce motion artifact during treadmill exercise. Ensemble everaging techneque with the developed shoes was also used to improve the measurement of stroke volume using impedance cardiography. 2) Maximal cardiac output of the athletes, 14.98 L/min, was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes, 13.46 L/min. As maximal heart rate of the marathoners is lower than that of non-athletes, stroke volume of the former is significantly larger than that of the latter. 3) $VO_{2max}$ of the marathoners, 59.38 ml/kg/min, was higher than that of the non-athletes, 40.22 ml/kg/min. At the anaerobic threshold. $VO_{2max}$ of the former was 62.3% of $VO_{2max}$ and this was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes, 57.2%, This results indicates that the marathoners have higher aerobic capacity than the non-athletes. 4) The marathoners showed larger $VO_2$ than the non-athletes at the same cardiac output, indicating that a-v $O_2$ of the former is higher than that of the latter. 5) Maximal systolic pressure of the marathoners was higher than that of the non-athletes, and so was maximal rate-pressure products. These results indicate that heart oxygen consumption rate $(hVO_2)$ of the marathoner is higher than that of the non-athletes is mainly due to higher stroke volume. And higher oxygen consumption of the marathoners is due to higher stroke volume. And higher oxygen consumption of the marathoners is due to their larger a-v $O_2$. The marathoners show both higher threshold and $VO_{2max}$. Especially, measurement of cardiac output during treadmill exercise by improved impedance cardiography is expected to contribute in study of cardiac function of athletes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1979

To evaluate the present status of physical fittness of Korean long distance runners, body fat, pulmonary functions, maximal oxygen intake and oxygen debt were measured in 5 elite marathoners (A group), 6 college student runners (B group) and 3 middle school student runners (C group). After laboratory tests, full course marathon running was performed in 2 elite marathoners during which their heart rates were monitored continuously. The results are summerized as follows: 1) Total body fat in all three groups are in the range of 13-15% of their body weight. 2) In all three groups, average values of various pulmonary functions were within the normal limits, but those of tidal volume were higher and respiratory rate were lower in comparison to normal values. These phenomena may represent respiratory adaptations against training. The average resting oxygen consumptions in A,B and C were $322{\pm}23$, $278{\pm}14$ and $287{\pm}16$m1/min, respectively. 3) In all three groups, resting blood pressures were in the normal range, but the resting heart rate was slightly lower in groups A $(56{\pm}3\;beats/min)$ and B $(64{\pm}2\;beats/min)$ and higher in group C $(82{\pm}9\;beats/min)$ in comparison to normal values. These changes in cardiovascular functions in marathoners may also represent adaptive phenomena. 4) During treadmill running the minute ventilation and oxygen consumption of the runners increased lineally with work load in all three groups. When the oxygen consumption was related to heart rate, it appeared to be a exponential function of the heart rate in all three groups. 5) The average maximal heart rates during maximal work were $196{\pm}3$, $191{\pm}3$ and $196{\pm}5\;beats/min$ for groups A,B and C, respectively. Maximal oxygen intakes were $84.2{\pm}3.3\;ml/min/kg$ in group A, $65.2{\pm}1.1\;ml/min/kg$ in group B and $58.7{\pm}0.4\;ml/min/kg$ in group C. 6) In all three groups, oxygen debts and the rates of recovery of heart rate after treadmill running were lower than those of long ditsance runners reported previously. 7) The 40 km running time in 2 elite marathoners was recorded to be $2^{\circ}42'25'$, and their mean speed was 243 m/min (ranged 218 to 274 m/min). The heart rate appeared to increase lineally with running speed, and the total energy expenditure during 40 km running was approximately 1360.2 Calories. From these it can be speculated that if their heart rates were maintained at 166 beats/min during the full course of marathon running, their records would be arround $2^{\circ}15'$. Based on these results, we may suspect that a successful long distance running is, in part, dependent on the economical utilization of one's aerobic capacity.