• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.169-173
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• 2004

The analysis on the relations of appraising elements and market prices in ruby being used for jewelry was carried out by using the ruby prices from Palmieri's Market Monitor. As the result, it is understood that weight is the most influential, next is color, clarity is the least influential among these three main appraising elements, and the other relations between the appraising elements and market prices in ruby are also clarified.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.563-569
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• 2014

Ruby is one of the most favor colored gem, for beautiful red tone, be high in scarcity value. However, rubies with high quality are produced in restricted regions, such as in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Tanzania etc., and they have been gradually exhausted by mining for a long period. Therefore, improving qualities of low level rubies with various treatments is arising an alternative way to obtain better rubies. Gemological and mineralogical properties of the natural ruby from Tanzanian were studied with heat treatments. Those characteristics were compared between only heat and adding flux materials under heating. Tanzanian raw rubies were applied a heat treatment ($1,600^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours). However, chromameter and UV-Vis analyses found that a simple heat treatment is inappropriated for the Tanzanian ruby. Although $Cr^{3+}$ containing for red color in the ruby increased with heat treatment, the ruby displays dark medium red because of Fe in the ruby as a form of $Fe_2O_3$. The low transparency after heat treatment is attributed to the recrystallization of $SiO_2$ which has a low melting point. Chromameter confirmed adding Pb-containing flux under heating greatly improves the clarity and color of Tanzanian rubies with micro-fractures and cavities on the surface. EMPA results show that Pb as an additive fills the cavities and cracks on raw Tanzanian rubies during the heat treatment. As a rewult of it, the quality of the Tanzanian ruby raw dramatically improved. These results indicate that the heat treatment with an additive (Pb in this study) is an effective way to obtain better quality of the Tanzanian ruby. Consequently, this study suggests a suitable method to improve the properties of the Tanzanina ruby. The result of this study would provide useful information to upgrade the qualities of similar gem stones such as corundum and sapphire.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.2 s.39
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• pp.107-110
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• 1979

An parasite, Anicetus beneficus was introduced from Japan to Jeju-do, Korea in 1975, and evaluated as a biological agent for control of the ruby scale, Ceroplastes rubens MASKELL. The results were as follows: 1. A major pest of citrus, ruby scale had one generation a year and hatched from late June to early August with the peak hatching in the middle of July. 2. A. beneficus was widely distributed in 16 citrus growing areas since released in 1975. 3. The pnupulation of ruby scales was considerably decreased by increasing of the parasites. Mean percent parasitism of A. beneficus was 1.7 in 1975, 14.1 in 1976, 31.0 in 1977 and 37.0 in 1978.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.216-224
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• 1997

In the study of cyclic voltammogram of rubeanic acid, rubeanic acid has two reduction peaks; first peak is similar with that of $S^{2-}$ and thiourea, which is conceded to by HgS, second peak is very weak and unidentified. The study also describes the differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetric method for the determination of rubeanic acid. The followings were optimal conditions of rubeanic acid for the study : 0.05M borate buffer solution(pH 10.0) ; an accumulation potential of -0.30V(vs. Ag/AgCl); accumulation time of 120sec. : scan rate of 10mV/sec. The detection limit of trace analysis shows $2.7{\times}10^{-8}M$ of rubeanic and at optimal conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.182-187
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• 2005

The FT-IR absorption spectrum by the lattice vibrations of ruby and garnet obtained from FT-IR shows quite different characteristics. By the UV-VIS spectroscopy it was found that the ruby has two transmission bands in red and blue region, while garnet has only one transmission band in red region. The color filter to distinguish ruby from garnet was developed and named HWANG JI HO filter. Through the HWANG JI HO filter, ruby was shown in blue color and garnet was shown in dark red color because of the only the blue region transmittance of the filter. Other red stones, such as spinel, tourmaline were shown in dark red color like as garnet. The ruby could be recognized easily from the red stone.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Physical properties, XRF, UV-Vis, FTIR studies were carried out in order to characterize gemological features of ruby from Tajikistan. Fluorescence reaction of the Tajikistan ruby to short wave ultraviolet was moderate to very strong in red and long wave ultraviolet rays was weakly detected. UV-visible analysis strong absorption bands at 468.5, 475, 476.5 nm and broaden bands at 550 nm were observed for ruby due to $Cr^{3+}$. According to FT-IR analysis, all rubies from Tajikistan showed the similar patterns and kaolinite peaks at 3500, 3617, 3630, $3677cm^{-1}$ and boehmite broaden absorption bands at 3085 and $3320cm^{-1}$. Inclusions in Tajikistan ruby are observed solid inclusions, negative crystals, needle and silk inclusions. These distinctive characteristics mentioned above can be used to identify the locality and source of ruby stones from Tajikistan.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2018

겨울철 대설 현상에 따른 도로 결빙과 항공기 운항 지연, 비닐하우스 및 가건물 붕괴와 같은 피해가 증가함에 따라 대처방안을 마련하는 일이 중요시 되고 있다. 이를 위해 정확한 적설 정보가 근본적으로 필요하지만, 문제는 적설량을 정량적으로 관측하는 일이 간단하지 않다는 점이다. 최근에는 무게식 우량계를 이용한 적설 관측이 수행되고 있지만, 강설량이 많을 경우 우량계가 눈에 덮이는 캐핑(capping) 현상으로 인해 제대로 관측하기 어려운 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 무게식 우량계의 이러한 한계를 보완하고 자료의 활용성을 높이기 위해 광학우적계(Parsivel)로 관측된 강설입자정보를 이용하여 적설량을 보정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 무게식 우량계 자료는 대관령 구름물리선도센터에 설치되어 있는 플루비오(Pluvio)의 적설 관측 자료를 이용하였다. 먼저, 관측된 플루비오 자료에서 단위 시간동안의 신적설을 산정한 후 과도한 관측값과 같은 노이즈를 제거하였다. 또한 플루비오와 동일 기간에 관측된 광학우적계 자료에 대해 강설 입자가 $10/m^3$ 초과로 나타나는 사상을 강수 기간으로 결정하고 두 자료가 모두 '0'인 경우 무강수로 나타냈다. 그 결과 강수 입자가 관측된 적설 기간에 플루비오가 우수하게 강설 사상을 관측하고 있음을 확인하였고, 부적합한 자료를 보정할 수 있었다. 이러한 방법으로 적설 자료를 개선할 경우 향후 레이더를 이용한 공간적 강설 추정의 정확도를 크게 개선할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2015

Recently, the importance of energy saving and alternative energy is significantly increasing due to energy depletion and the phase change material (PCM) research for saving energy is also actively investigating. In this research, the membrane emulsification using SPG membrane was used to make various microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) particles which were comprised of $Rubitherms^{(R)}$ (RT-21 and RT-24) core and silica coating. We investigated the pressure of the dispersion phase, the concentration of surfactant, and the ratio of $Rubitherm^{(R)}$ and silica to prepare various MPCM particles. The DSC and TGA were used to examine the heat stability and latent heat properties. Also, PSA, SEM, and optical microscopy were used to confirm the size of $Rubitherm^{(R)}$ particles and the thickness of silica shell. The average of particle size was $7-8{\mu}m$. And, FT-IR was also used to enforce the qualitative analysis. Finally, the MPCM particles obtained from membrane emulsification showed monodispersed size distribution and the heat stability and latent heat were kept up to 80% compared to pure $Rubitherm^{(R)}$. So, it can be effectively used for wallpaper, buildings and interior products for energy saving as PCMs.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.290-297
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• 2004

The color enhancement of natural ruby produced from Mong Hsu were carried out by the heat treatment using gas diffusion. The natural ruby in this paper has a colored patch of which the color ranges from blue to a color close to black. The most favorable heat treatment conditions were as follows; range of temperature $1400~1600^{\circ}C$, duration 12 hrs, $O_2$ atmosphere. The color tone of ruby obtained under the optimum conditions was overall clear red by partial removal of colored patch. From EPMA results, part of blue or black colored patch within ruby were found to occur by charge transfer between $Fe^{2+}{\;}and{\;}Ti^{4+}$ . These results are consistent with the XRF that contents of $Fe(Fe^{2+}{\;}or{\;}Fe^{3+}$) and $Ti^{4+}$ ion to cause a blue or black colored patch after heat treatment became slightly less than with non-treated ruby. The silk formed on the surface of ruby heat treated for 12 hrs at $1700^{\circ}C$ were found to be generated by re-crystallization of rutile $TiO_2$ by XPS analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.145-151
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• 2005

Color enhancement of African rubies with dark red was carried out by the heat treatment and the hydrothermal treatment method respectively. The heat treatment method brought about an adverse effect causing the color to be deteriorated. However, the hydrothermal treatment method enhanced its color and clarity. The hydrothermal treatment conditions for color enhancement of them were as follows: solvent: 0.9M $Na_2CO_3-1M\;K_2CO_3$, temperature: $450^{\circ}C$, duration: 48 hrs, filling: $30\%$, pressure: 375 atm. As the results of characteristics for African rubies obtained under these conditions, it was known that the amount of $Cr^{3+},\;Fe^{3+},\;Ti^{4+}$ was reduced after the hydrothermal treatment from the ICP/MS and XRF analyses. Also, it was found that the red color from the colorimeter analyses was getting lighter. These results were consistent with the PL analysis showing that the intensity of the luminescence peak generated by the electron transition of $Cr^{3+}$ ion became lower after the hydrothermal treatment compared with the non-treated rubies.