• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2007

This study is about an arrangement method of trapezoidal pre-cast segment lining that can be applied in shield tunnel construction. Trapezoidal segment lining is formed by assembling tapered pre-cast concrete segments taking advantage of the tapered shape of pre-cast segments upon delivery on site. By calculating tapering of the segments manufactured in single type and rotating the segments when putting them together, a variety of tunnel alignments can be arranged in the most efficient way. Once the design criteria and tunnel alignment (straight or curved) is analyzed, the sequence of assembling trapezoidal segments in compliance with tunnel alignment will be computed. On site an operator can utilize the softwareto automatically determine sequential arrangement of trapezoidal segments. When the actual arrangement of segmental lining is different from the computed output, the operator can input the actually measured values to coincide the computerized calculation with the real status of assembly. Then the adjustment will be the basis of subsequent arrangement of segments, thus the continuity of work can be guaranteed.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 2003

Field measurements were carried out in this study to investigate the behavior of cut and cover tunnel such as the distribution and the magnitude of the earth pressure during back fill process. Three kinds of measuring instruments, such as the earth pressure load cell, the concrete strain gauge and the reinforcing bar meter of embedded type in concrete structure were installed and measured. Earth pressure load cells measured the outside forces acting on the tunnel lining with radial directions. Three load cells were installed at the crown, the right and the left shoulder of the tunnel, respectively. Three sets of reinforcing bar meter were installed in the double reinforcements of the tunnel lining and their locations were the same with the position of the earth pressure load cells. Concrete strain gauge was installed only one site of the upper compressive part at the tunnel crown. Based on the measurements, the deformation and the earth pressure acting on the tunnel lining were investigated with the back fill process. Considerations on the validity of the field measurements were paid.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.53-68
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• 2011

This paper presents the fundamental parameters for designing the NATM Composite Lining to be used in NATM tunnel construction. Firstly, the concept of NATM Composite Lining behaviour is introduced and reviewed in construction-performance. For the fundamental study, the optimal mix ratio tests and backfill material property tests to develop high-quality composite lining (PC panel lining) are fundamentally carried out. And the light-weight foamed mortar which is used for backfill material is developed. Full-scale loading tests to verify a performance of the NATM Composite Lining is also performed. From this research, it is clearly found that the NATM Composite Lining is very applicable method to considerably increase the stability and constructability of tunnel structure.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.69-84
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• 2011

This paper presents the applicability of NATM Composite Lining method in domestic tunnel construction sites. Firstly, in order to produce high quality PC Panel, optimal steam curing condition is reviewed. And in preparation for fire inside the tunnel, the fire-resistance test of PC Panel is carried out. The constructability of NATM Composite Lining method and the drainage ability of light-weight foamed mortar is also evaluated through field construction test. And PC Panel combination program is developed to calculate the quantity of PC Panel efficiently. Besides, economic evaluation for NATM Composite Lining method is conducted. From this research, it is clearly found that NATM Composite Lining method is applicable to domestic tunnel construction site.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.35-40
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• 2017

The rearside of concrete lining of tunnels constructed in cold region might experience on freezing due to the low temperature. This causes damage of concrete lining resulting in adverse affect on the durability as well as integrity of tunnel structure by causing damage to the concrete lining. In order to prevent the rearside of tunnel lining from freeing, the temperature change inside the concrete lining was measured by attaching a heating element to the tunnel lining surface and generating heat for a certain period of time. A special freezing chamber was developed to conduct the experiments considering in-situ environment. The carbone nanotube (CNT) was used as a heating element in this study. The temperature distribution of the concrete lining was measured by applying the heat to the heating element. The effect of the outside temperature and heating duration were analyzed.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

It is the common practice to over design the reinforcement for the secondary tunnel lining due to the lack of rational insight into the ground loosening loads. and due to the conservative application of the empirical design methods. The main loads of the secondary lining are the ground Loosening loads and the ground water pressure, and the ground load is critical in the reinforcement design of the secondary lining in the case of drained tunnel. If the external load is absent around a tunnel, the reasons of the load far secondary tunnel lining are the deterioration of the primary supports such as shotcrete, steel rib, and rockbolts. Accordingly, the analysis method considering the ground-primary supports-secondary lining interaction should be required tar the rational design of the secondary tunnel lining. In this paper, the interaction was conceptually described by the simple mass-spring model and the load transfer from the ground and primary supports to the secondary lining is showed by the ground-primary supports-secondary lining reaction curves fur the theoretical solution of a circular tunnel. And also, the application of this proposed model to numerical analysis is verified in order to check the potential far the tunnel with the complex analysis conditions.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.305-330
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• 2023

Unlike NATM tunnels, Shield TBM tunnels have split linings. Therefore, the stress distribution of the lining is different even if the lining is under the same load. Representative methods for analyzing the stress generated in lining in Shield TBM tunnels include Non-joint Mode that does not consider connections and a 2-ring beam-spring model that considers ring-to-ring joints and segment connections. This study is an analysis method by Break-joint Mode. However, we do not consider the structural role of segment lining connections. The effectiveness of the modeling is verified by analyzing behavioral characteristics against vibration loads by modeling with segment connection interfaces to which vertical stiffness and shear stiffness, which are friction components, are applied. Unlike the Non-joint mode, where the greatest stress occurs on the crown for static loads such as earth pressure, the stress distribution caused by contact between segment lining and friction stiffness produced the smallest stress in the crown key segment where segment connections were concentrated. The stress distribution was clearly distinguished based on segment connections. The results of static analysis by earth pressure, etc., produced up to seven times the stress generated in Non-joint mode compared to the stress generated by Break-joint Mode. This result is consistent with the stress distribution pattern of the 2-ring beam-spring model. However, as for the stress value for the train vibration load, the stress of Break-joint Mode was greater than that of Non-joint mode. This is a different result from the static mechanics concept that a segment ring consisting of a combination of short members is integrated in the circumferential direction, resulting in a smaller stress than Non-joint mode with a relatively longer member length.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.313-314
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• 2008

컴퓨터 시스템의 등장 이래로, 함수 인라이닝 기법은 함수 지향형 프로그래밍 언어에서 코드 크기의 증가와 함께 실행 시간을 감소시키는 하나의 기법으로 사용되어왔다. 이에 반하여, 함수 아웃라이닝 기법은 실행 시간을 증가시키지만 코드 크기의 감소를 가져온다. 기존 범용 컴퓨터 시스템은 코드를 저장하는 저장장치의 크기에 큰 제약이 없었기 때문에, 함수 아웃라이닝 기법은 그리 널리 쓰이지 않았다. 그러나 최근의 무선 센서 네트워크 분야의 연구를 통하여 범용 컴퓨터 시스템에서는 찾아보기 어려웠던 코드 영역의 자원 제약이 심화되었고, 이에 따라 함수 아웃라이닝 기법이 보다 의미를 갖게 되었다. 특히, 실시간 응답을 요구받는 센서 운영체제는 코드 공간의 제약 하에서 실시간 작업 처리를 수행할 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문에서는, 함수 아웃라이닝 기법을 통하여 실시간 센서 운영체제의 여유 시간(laxity time)을 활용하면서 코드의 크기를 감소시키는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 통하여, 코드 공간의 제약 상황을 보다 완화할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.59-68
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• 2000

현재까지 진동이 양생중인 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행된 대부분의 연구에서는 콘크리트 공시체나 콘크리트 블록에 대해 100Hz 미만의 주주파수를 가지는 충격진동이나 진동테이블을 이용한 진동을 가한 후 콘크리트의 강도 변화를 평가하는 방법이 사용되었다. 이 연구에서는 발파진동이 양생중인 라이닝 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 우해 실험실 충격진동 시험과 터널 현장에서의 발파진동 시험을 수행하였다. 터널발파진동과 유사한 100~300Hz의 주주파수를 가지 충격진동을 각각 재령 3, 7, 12 시간에 다한 실험실 시험결과 2cm/sec의 진동속도는 모르타르 라이닝의 P파속도를 증가시키지만, 5 cm/sec, 10cm/sec의진동의 모르타르 라이닝의 P파 속도를 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 양생기간동안 2.5 cm/sec 이하의 발파진동이 가해진 양생중인 라이닝 콘크리트는 진동을 가하지 않고 양생시킨 콘크리트 공시체에 비해 압축강도가 더 큰 값을 나타내었다. 재령 5시간에 콘크리트 라이닝애 대한 소규모 시험발파로 발파진동을 가한 콘크리트 시료와 진동을 가하지 않고 터널 내에서 양생시킨 공시체에 대해 압축강도를 비교한 결과 콘크리트의 강도 및 탄성파 속도를 저하시킬 수 있는 진동수준은 3~4cm/sec 인 것 으로 나타났다.로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.5-12
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• 2017

The surface of the tunnel lining issues various problems such as cracks due to the cold weather. It is necessary to reduce the recovery costs by means of developing new recovery techniques. However, the research on reducing the damage of road tunnel lining caused by cold weather has not actively been conducted. Hence, this paper analyzes the effectiveness of using insulating materials such as aerogel and heat insulating liquid in enhancing insulating capability. The results show that these materials are effective in reducing heat transfer, confirming damage reduction in cold weather.