• Title/Summary/Keyword: 두식

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A study on veil and head-dress of Bodhisattva in Dunhuang Mogaoku (돈황막고굴 보살상의 두식과 천의에 관한 고찰)

  • 최영순;이춘계
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.37
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    • pp.47-69
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    • 1998
  • The purpose of this study is to inquire the hair, head-dress and clothing(upper clothing: Veil, Samkaksika, Sash) of Bodhisattvas in Dunhuang Mogaoku of the period from Northern Liang Dynasty(421∼439) to Tang Dynasty(618∼907). The method of this figure and the change of clothing form : 'Dunhuang Mogaoku'1st Volume-4th Volume. The Bodhisattvas' hair style are somehat various ; A part in her hair, Suibal, Gae, Sakbal. A part in Bodhisattvas's hair is observed from Northern Liang Dynasty to Sui Dynasty. But Suibal had been continuous succeeded. Meanwhile, in the periods of Sui and Tand Dynasty, there were the hair styles whose ends were curled up. It is called Eulle Meor-ee. Especially, in Tang Dynasty various styles of Gae were appeared. Doogun was observed from Northern Wei to Tang Dynasty. There were three kinds of head-dress; Samsikkwan(having 3 decoration), Bokwan and Jungmeunkwan(appeared in Tang Dynasty). Meanwhile, Sash let was become more and more decorative. The Upper clothing can be classify into Veil, Samkaksika, Sash, etc. Veil were observed in every period but X shaped one was form Northern Wei and U shaped one was from Northern Zhou Dynasty. After the period of Sui Dynasty U shaped Veil become prevalent. Samkaksika was observed for the first time in Northern Zhou Dynasty. Cutted sam-kaksika was appeared in Sui Dynasty and succeeded to Tang Dynasty. Poncho tyed Samkaksika was also observed in Tang Dynasty. In Westhern Wei Dynasty. daesupo was used into outter garment, which us that chinese influence was deep tell. Sash showed up in Tang Dynasty and it is used for Veil for the whole period of the Dynasty. But using sash for veil was formally hanged on going the lated period of Tang Dynasty. We can observe the sun-moon decoration and the wings of a bird decoration at the Bokwan, Veil, Samkaksika and Sash, etc. It is was the influendce of Sasan Per-sia and India. I will fill up the insufficency of this study wity continous research of ornament(Muktahara) and skirt of Bodhisattva and deeper inquiry of the relationship around the many countries.

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CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ANOXIA ON SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS OF NEONATAL MICE (산소결핍이 신생백서악하선에 미치는 세포학적영향에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Jae-Ho
    • The Journal of the Korean dental association
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.307-316
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    • 1972
  • 신생 Ball/c Strain 종 웅성백서 28두를 사용하고, 28두중 14두는 실험군에, 나머지 14두는 대조군에 각각 배당하였다. 실험군과 대조군은 동물희생시간(30분, 1시간, 4시간, 8시간, 12시간, 24시간 48시간)에 따라서 7군으로 구분하고, 각군에 2두식 배정하였다. 실험군은 백서를 Bell Jar내에 넣고, 여기에 창소를 서서히 넣어 Westinghouse Oxygen Analyzer로 30내지 40ppm이 되도록 하고 15분 동안 방치한 후, 이를 밖으로 제거하여 신선한 공기를 5분동안 마시게 하였다. 이런 과정을 반복하여 결국 55분 동안에 45분간 무 산소 상태에 있게 하였다. 악하선의 소편을 2% Paraformaldehyde(0.1M Cacodylate fuffer) 용액에 4시간동안 고정하였고, 탈수후 전현 표본포리법에 따라 Epoxy유지를 혼합하여 이몰하였다. LKB Ultratome으로 1μ의 연속절편을 만들었고 야기시킨후 신생백서의 악하선세포에 세포학적변화를 보고저하였고, 기결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 신생 백서에 산소결핍을 야기시켰을때에 나타나는 초기의 세포학적변화는 이를 이르킨 후 1시간과 4시간사이가 절정에 달하였다. 이실험에서 유해적 영향은 공포화하고 점액성 및 장액성세포의 핵이 농축변성하며 장액성분필과기의 방출이 지연되어 세포질첨단에 축적되었다. 이들의 회복은 적어도 4시후에 시작되과, 12시간에는 세포질의 대부분, mrgl 핵의 용태가 정상으로 되돌아간다. 24시간에는 실험군과 대조군간에 있어서 야간의 차이는 인정되나 선소엽은 아직 초기에 볼수있었든 퇴행성변화의 잔여물을 함유하고 있었다. 2. 위에 요약한 본연구의 결과는 노인들이 보고한 산소결핍증이 악하선에 있어서도 단백질합성의 억제현상을 나타냈음을 세포학적으로 확증한 것이라하겠다.

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Types and Characteristics of Jeju's Traditional Fur Garments (제주 전통 털소재 복식의 유형과 특성)

  • Ko, Soon-Hee;Jang, Hyun-Joo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.58 no.9
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    • pp.114-128
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    • 2008
  • The current study aims to classify types of traditional fur Garments in Jeju into Dusik(hat), dress, Jokui(socks) and accessaries, and examine characteristics of them through demonstrative study focusing on collections of museums in Jeju. Dusik is a kind of hat for protection against the cold, and there are badger leather Gamtaes and cow hair Beonggeojis(fur hats). Especially leather gamtae was used to protect against the cold when people hunted roe deers in Mt. Halla. Beonggeoji was producted in the form of felt with fine hair collected coat-shedding of cows and dogs in spring, therefore it was too warm and practical to be damaged from storm or pressure. Fur coat is a general name of dress made of leather without hair. It is a kind of clothes with a hat worn while taking care of horses and cows. Also people wore dog leather topcoats and cow leather topcoats when they hunted in Mt. Halla. As for Jokui, there are leather Beoseon(socks) made of cow leather, leather shoes in the form of straw shoes, and leather Balle embracing the low half of the body warmly. Accessaries include a rectangular cow leather bag for storing an iron piece for making fire. These traditional fur robs in Jeju not only have practicality for protection against the cold, but also symbolized richness by using leathers of badgers, roe deers, etc. that were previous during that times. Also they used partially cut leather for decoration at the edge.

Effect of Maternal Undernutrition on the Growth and Composition of Young Rat Brain (분만전후의 어미쥐의 영양부족이 새끼쥐의 뇌성장발육과 조성에 미치는 영향)

  • Chang, Kyung-Ja;Choi, Hay-Mie
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.105-116
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    • 1981
  • A quantitative restriction of maternal diet without changes in quality of diet was given to the Sprague Dawley rats during the third week of gestation and lactation. Half the normal average daily intake of control group was given to deficient groups in this period. Female rats of control group were fed a commercial diet ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Dietary restriction started from birth to weaning in deficient I group and from the 15th day of gestation to weaning in deficient II group. Body and brain weight of offsprings of deficient groups were significantly lower than control group, but the ratios of brain weight to body weight in deficient groups were higher than the control group. Significant difference between deficient groups (I and II) was noticed at weaning. Brain DNA, RNA and total protein of offsprings of deficient groups were significantly lower than control group, but RNA/DNA, brain weight/DNA, and total protein/DNA show that cell number were more affected than the cell size by the maternal dietary restriction during the third week of gestation and lactation. Between the deficient groups, there was a significant difference in brain DNA and RNA, but no significant difference in total brain protein. (This research was supported in part by grant from the Ministry of Education.)

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"A Study on Hebrews Clothing in the Old Testament" - Especially on Hair Styles, Headgears, Footwear and Personal Ornaments - (구약성서(舊約聖書)에 나타난 히브리인의 복식(服飾) - 두식(頭飾), 신발 및 장신구(裝身具) 중심(中心)으로 -)

  • Park, Chan-Boo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.10
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    • pp.63-80
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    • 1986
  • The Old Testament cotains mention of the history of creation and clothing in ancient Hebrew. This study dealt with Hebrew dress customs especially aimed at the manners of their hair styles, headgears, footwear and personal ornaments. References are Korean Revised Version, English King James Version and Revised Standard Version. There is little mention of hair styles and headgears in the Old Testament. Some sort of turban was worn by priests, and soldiers protected themselves with helmets, but most Israelitish men went bareheaded except on special occasions and often wear simple headbands. It was more common for women to use headwear of some type-turbans, scarves, and veils concealing the face. The veil was the distinctive female wearing apparel. All females, with the exception of maidservants and women in a low condition of life, wore a veil. It was the custom for women to wear a veil entirely covering their head in the public. Through most of the Old Testament periods long and thick hair was admired on men and women alike. The Hebrews were proud to have thick and abundant long hair, and they gave much attention to the care of their hair. The caring of hair was deeply related to their rituals. Nazirites never took a razor to their hair during his vow-days, but instead let it grow long, as an offering to God. Men would not cut their beards, but allow them to grow long. The Israelites' standard footwear was a pair of simple leather sandals. This was one of the items of clothing not highly prized. In a colloquial saying of the time, a pair of shoes signified something of small value, and to be barefoot except in times of mourning or on holy place, was a sign either of extreme poverty or humiliation, as in the case of war prisoners. Because precious stones were not mined in the Palestine-Syria region, Hebrews imported them from foreign country. They were consumer-to a large degree limited by their very modest standard of living-but not producers. Hebrews liked the precious stones and were motivated to acquire and wear jewels. Besides their use for adornment and as gifts, the precious or semiprecious stones were regarded by Jews of property. The Hebrews were not innovators in the field of decorative arts. The prohibition of the Law against making any "graven image" precluded the development of painting, sculpture, and other forms of representational art. Jewish men did not indulge in extravagances of dress, and there was little ornamentation among them. Men wore a signet ring on their right hand or sometimes suspended by a cord or chain around the neck. The necklaces, when worn by a male, also bore any symbol of his authority. Bracelets were extremely popular with both men and women, men usually preferring to wear them on their upper arms. The girdle was a very useful part of a man's clothing. It was used as a waist belt, or used to fasten a man's sword to his body, or served as a pouch in which to keep money and other things. Men often carried a cane or staff, which would be ornamented at the top. Among the women there was more apt to be ornamentation than among the men. Hebrew women liked to deck themselves with jewels, and ornamentation of the bride were specially luxurious and numerous. They wore rings on their fingers or On toes, ankle rings, earrings, nosering, necklace, bracelets. Their shapes were of cresent, waterdrops, scarab, insect, animal or plant. Sometimes those were used as amulets. They were made of ceramics, gold, silver, bronze, iron, and various precious stones which were mostly imported from Egypt and Sinai peninsular. Hebrews were given many religious regulations by Moses Law on their hair, headgears, sandals and ornamentation. Their clothing were deeply related with their customs especially with their religions and rituals. Hebrew religion was of monotheism and of revealed religion. Their religious leaders, the prophets who was inspired by God might need such many religious regulations to lead the idol oriented people to God through them.

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A Study on the Costumes of the Characters of Higyongru Banghwoedo (<희경루방회도(喜慶樓榜會圖)> 속 인물들의 복식 고찰)

  • Bae, Jin-Hee;Lee, Eun-Joo
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.51 no.4
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    • pp.44-65
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    • 2018
  • This study examined the costumes of the characters in the painting titled Hig yongru Banghwoedo, which was designated as National Treasure No. 1879 in September 2015, and is currently kept in the Dongguk University Museum. The painting depicts a social gathering of Joseon aristocrats held at the higyongru, or watch tower, of the Gwangjumok, a government office, in 1567. It is characterized by the delicate illustration of the government officials, the main characters of the gathering, and the hyangri, ajeon, najang, chorye, akgong, and yeogi, the lower-class employees of the office. In order to investigate the costumes they wore, diverse materials including literature, costume artifacts, and paintings were used as reference sources. The scope of the study was limited to the characters' headdress and gown, and the accessories attached to the former. The study of men's clothing revealed that officials wore a samo and a red dalryeong as basic attire. In addition, it is presumed that they wore a belt indicating their official rank in the hierarchy, and a pair of black shoes. Retired officials wore a heuklip wrapped in horsehair or silk fabric with a red jing-nyeong and a doah. The hyangri wore a heukjukbanglip on their head, as well as a white jing-nyeong and a belted doah. In the Goryeo period, the banglip was a type of official headdress worn by members of the aristocratic elite ranked immediately below the king, but in Joseon it was demoted as the official headgear of the hyangri class, which was confirmed through Higyongru Banghwoedo. The ajeon wore a heuklip on their head, and a white jing-nyeong and a doah at the waist. As a rule, the najang wore a chogun on the head, and a banbieui on cheolrik and chungmokdai, but the najang in Higyongru Banghwoedo are depicted wearing a chogun and a cheolrik without a banbieui. Also, the chorye wore a heuklip wrapped in hemp cloth with a red cheolrik, whereas the akgong wore a somoja and a red cheolrik. Female entertainers, both adults and children, are depicted in the painting as either serving the aristocrats, dancing, or playing a musical instrument, wearing their hair in a voluminous, round, high bun, and dressed in a red daiyo, a hwangjangsam with a straight or reclined collar, and a belt. Notably, the donggi, i.e. young gisaeng, are shown wearing their hair in two short braids, and ddressed in a red gown with a y-shaped collar, or po.

A Study on the Change of the Cheomcha-chogak of the Neungwon-Jeongjagak (능원(陵園) 정자각(丁字閣)의 첨차초각(檐遮草刻) 변화에 대하여)

  • Jeon, Jongwoo
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.54 no.1
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    • pp.280-301
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    • 2021
  • Chogak has been regarded as originating from the paintings decorating building elements. Various curved shape drawings that were first seen in the paintings of Goguryeo tomb murals evolved into the vine patterned Dancheong of Geuklakjeon in Bongjeongsa. Cheomcha of Geuklakjeon was chiseled with Yeonhwadusik relievo at the bottom on top of Dancheong, and this was the beginning of Cheomcha-Chogak. Also, Cheomcha, which was carved with a preliminary vine patterned Chogak in Daeungjeon in Bongjeongsa, opened the era of engraving Chogak directly on the surface of structural elements. Since then, vine patterned Chogak was a significant decoration technique for the Cheomcha of traditional wooden construction for a long time. Because Jeongjagak is a structure that was continuously built between the end of the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the late Joseon Dynasty, the transition of Cheomcha-Chogak over time can be seen through Jeongjagak architecture. The early Cheomcha-Chogak presents stems that climb up (Upbound-type) towards the headpiece on a column, while stems of Chogak later reversed direction to descend (Downbound-type) from the headpiece. This study examined the transition process and reasons for the change, with a focus on the findings above, and identified a new type of Chogak that is unrelated to the direction type and was adopted during the transition from Upbound-type to Downbound-type. The new type appeared when the Jeongjagaks for the Royal Tomb of Kyeongjo and those of the Injo were built, and it matches with the transitional period wherein lotus vanishes from Hwaban-Chogak. The study also inferred that the direction change of Cheomcha-Chogak stems was caused by the separation of vine patterned Chogak, carved with a two-stepped inner Ikgon, into both upward and downward from the headpiece, and this led to the changes that manifested as the inside of Choikgong being the Downbound-type Chogak and the variegated vine patterned Chogak of Choikgong affecting the direction of Cheomcha-Chogak. This is the follow-up study of "A Study on the Hwaban-Chogak of the Neungwon-Jeongjagak," a paper published in 2018, and is limited in n that Cheomcha, the focus of the research, is just one of the construction elements of Jeongjagak. The entirety ofChogak cannot be understood only by observing Cheomcha.