• Iberoamérica
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.407-439
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• 2010

Growth of researches addressing cross-culture in international business is exponential. This article reviews the extant researches around the national culture and describes the various conceptualization of culture through discussion of some of popular models of national culture. This article presented some of the most important issues in international business surrounding globalization, especially convergence and divergence of cultures and cultural changes. Global rapid changes in international business environment request the reconsideration of the assumption of cultural stability and the simple view of culture, which tends to examine the static influence of a few cultural factors in isolation form other cultural factors and contextual elements. This paper identifies a valid cultural grouping and proposes the following typology of the possible methodologies in international business; Ethnological description, Use of proxies, Direct values inference, and Indirect values inference. Rather than selecting a single methodology, it appears to be more appropriate to use multi-method in the cross-cultural international business research. It has been shown that cultural change is intertwined with socioeconomic-institutional variables, and that these variables may also add to determine culture contemporarily. This paper also explained the dynamics of culture as multi-level, multi-layer constructs. According to this model, we may understand how the dynamic nature of culture conveys the top-down-bottom-up processes where one cultural level affects changes in other level of culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2020

Recently, smart cities are attracting attention as a solution for a plethora of urban problems, including transportation, environment, safety, and energy. However, despite a substantial body of research dealt with the concept, trends, policy, and legal institutions of smart cities, few researchers have examined how the smart city services influence the cities from the dynamic perspective that considers the entire cycle of a city, including its growth, stagnation, and decline. Thus, it is vital to understand how the city changes with time from the view that a city is a system of sub-elements-population, industry, transportation, environment, housing, and land-closely interacting together. Within this context, this study explores how the urban dynamics of Anyang-city develop for the long term using the System Dynamics method and analyzes the effect of smart city project investment on the dynamics of Anyang-city. According to the result, Anyang-city is a "mature and stable" type, and its population is expected to decrease slowly by 2040. Specifically, the Anyang-city population will be reduced to 553,000 by 2030. It was analyzed that the number will decrease to 543,000 by 2040. It was also found that the investment in smart city projects in Anyang, based on the Plan for Anyang Smart City, would have the following effects: easing population decline, increasing number of businesses, improving urban safety index, and increasing average driving speed. The population will grow by 4,000 and the number of businesses will increase by 761 than before budget investment. The result of this paper is expected to contribute to identifying and predicting the effect of smart city policies from a long-term perspective.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-58
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• 2024

It has become a general idea today that the characteristics of medicine should be considered as a basis when discussing a medical personnel's duty of care and whether or not it has been violated, and when discussing its duty of explanation and whether or not it has been fulfilled in medical practice. However, in the discussion of its characteristics, some shortcomings still exist, so the need for a re-discussion has been raised. Firstly, existing discussions on characteristics have failed to comprehensively grasp and explain the characteristics of medical practice. Secondly, in some researchers' arguments, there are discrepancies between the terms used to express characteristics and their conceptual definitions or content. Thirdly, the lack of exemplified cases that reflect the characteristics of medicine - especially Supreme Court precedents - has led some to think negatively about the recognition and reflection of certain characteristics. In my early writings, I have described five characteristics of medical practice: 'conflict in medical goals', 'initiating appropriate medical actions (progression of illness)', 'dynamics of medical intervention (diversity of symptoms)', 'diversity of medical effects', 'inherent risk of medical treatment (invasiveness)'. In this paper, keeping in mind the reasons for the need for reconsideration, I aim to analyze the characteristics of medicine in detail and cite key parts of representative Korean Supreme Court precedents that reflect each characteristic. The characteristics of medicine extracted from this paper are; There are ten factors, including the legitimacy of the essence of medical practice, timeliness of medical execution, dynamics of medical progress, diversity of medical effects, risk of medical invasion, non-uniformity of medical methods, limitations of medical capabilities, intervention of the medical subject, high degree of medical standards, and maldistribution of medical data.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.203-221
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• 2017

This study is to suggest some improvement directions of the criteria for the management evaluation in order to contribute to the achievement of lasting value of the continuous development and publicity in regard to the public library means-efficiency. To this end, This study analyzed the means-efficiency evaluation criteria via theoretical review on business analysis of private enterprise and the analysis framework based on it. The improvement of evaluation criteria in regard to efficiency for the continuous development of public library are as follows. 1) Regardless of domestic and foreign, an efficiency index in the performance evaluation index of public library is absolutely insufficient. The sufficient indexes measuring efficiency which is appropriate for the concept of performance should be developed. 2) A flow data representing input and performance in certain time period is insufficient. Therefore, evaluation index consisted of flow data should be more developed. 3) Long term stock data is excluded in the term cost as it is the cost used for the long term such as fixed assets. However, it is useful as input data, which is realized through the perfect accounting.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.947-980
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• 2012

This study analyzes the long-run impacts of climate change on Korean agriculture and economy. We estimate the impacts of climate change on the productivities of major agricultural products including rice, dairy and livestock using both a simulation approach and a semiparametric econometric model. The former predicts a decline in productivity while the latter predicts an increase in productivity due to climate change, especially for rice. A recursive dynamic CGE model is used to analyze the general equilibrium impacts of productivity change under the two different scenarios, derived from the two productivity analysis approaches. The loss of GDP in 2050 is 0.2% or 0.02% of total GDP depending on the scenario. It is shown that the losses in dairy and livestock sectors are larger than that in rice sector, although the losses in those two non-rice sectors have been ignored by most existing works.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.19-39
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of terms of trade and its volatility on real GDP and inflation. I estimate the linear and dynamic panel model including variables such as real GDP, inflation, terms of trade, capital stock, employment and education. The sample countries consist of OECD 26 countries and panel data ranges from 1990 to 2015. The empirical results show that terms of trade and its volatility do not affect the real GDP significantly. Even if the terms of trade has a negative relationship with real GDP, the magnitude of the estimated coefficients was very small. This result seems to be related with the industry structure and domestic demand structure of the member countries. On the other hand, terms of trade and its volatility have the significant impact on inflation. When the terms of trade and its volatility increase, the inflation increases.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.3 s.31
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• pp.45-55
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• 2006

This study aims need set of mind to construction manager built a theory logic conceive decision making system and principles designed to create the administrative procedures that a company needs to integrate management and environmental concerns into its daily business practices. Integrate considerations of risk reduction and wise resource management into daily business decision making environmental that includes performance and cost. Seek to make better Dynamic time solutions that promote competitiveness set of management mind provide business with tools and methodologies management participation, psychology, philosophy effects of resource flows. A last of understand use of the decision making element principal as a guideline for evaluating and ranking approaches. The result of this study are summarized as follows; (1) setting for approach decision making of manager police, (2) dynamic of time and management mind (3) a primary factor out environment to decision making (4) methodologies of set up system for management mind (5) expectation effect of management mind.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1995

감염병소와 진단을 위해 여러 방사성성핵종 표지 사람비특이항체들이 임상이용되었으나, $^{123}I,\;^{99m}Tc,\;^{111}In$등 표지 핵종과 표지방법에 따른 체내동태의 차이에 대한 자료가 필요하며, 감염병소의 진단에 표준적으로 이용되어지던 $^{111}In$-oxine표지백혈구와 비교평가도 요구된다. 저자들은 $10^9$개의 포도상구균을 좌측 대퇴부에 주사하여 농양을 유발한 백서에서 $^{123}In$ 표지, iminothiolane을 이용한 $^{99m}Tc$ 표지, DTPA이용 $^{111}In$ 표지 사람비특이항체와 $^{111}In$-oxine 표지 백혈구의 체내동태 및 농양섭취율을 비교하였다. $^{123}In$-IgG는 갑상선 및 위의 방사능이 높아 체내 탈요드반응이 빠름이 시사되었으며, $^{99m}Tc$-iminothiolane IgG는 신장방사능이 높아 신장으로 IgG 또는 대사물이 배설됨을 알 수 있었다. $^{111}In$-oxine표지 백혈구는 간 및 비장의 방사능이 높았고, 혈액방사능 제거율이 가장 빨랐다. 주사 24시간 후의 농양섭취율은 $^{111}In$-DTPA IgG가 가장 높았고, 농양 대 혈액 방사능비는 $^{111}In$-oxine표지 백혈구가 가장 높았으며, $^{111}In$-DTPA IgG와 $^{99m}Tc$-iminothiolane IgG가 다음으로 비슷하였다. $^{111}In$-oxine표지 백혈구보다는 방사성핵종표지 IgG가 간편하게 이용될 수 있으며, $^{111}In$ 이 $^{99m}Tc$나 $^{123}In$보다 지연영상의 촬영에 유리함을 알 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2001

This research was conducted to study the characteristics of the extruded products prepared from blends containing fixed amounts of frozen pollack (20%) and defatted soy flour (5%) and varying amounts of rice and corn flour using laboratory-scale single-screw extruder. Extrusion conditions were set at 27% feed moisture, $160^{\circ}C$ process temperature and 170 rpm screw speed. Results showed that there was almost no difference in proximate compositions among all extruded products. The product made from 100% rice flour had the highest expansion ratio, the lowest bulk density and the lowest shear force (P<0.05). Also, this product was the highest in L value and had the highest preference in sensory evaluation. Consequently, the addition of frozen pollack and defatted soy flour to rice flour could make desirable expanded extruded products. This study will form the basis for future development of rice snacks containing frozen pollack.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.287-295
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• 2006

New Recently introduced to domestic market, MMA(Mixed Martial Arts) is growing very rapidly, thereby acquiring the property of sub-culture. With its proper function of providing dynamism and vitality, it also becomes the target of apprehension for its social dysfunction due to excessive violence. However, it is important to recognize MMA as a phenomenon and to understand the cultural flow inside MMA. It is required that the space where MMA is held should provide new experience in each contest. It is necessary to prepare very diverse productions for this purpose. While comprehension on this cultural and spatial phenomenon could mean one of starting point of space creation of space designer, it is necessary to study in the contextual aspect including historic and psychological approach. Thus, this study aims to understand one of the diverse meanings of modem space by investigating the space inherent in the phenomenon of MMA.