• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-36
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• 2010

Colorectal cancer is one of the most steeply increasing malignancies in Korea. Among 398,824 new patients recorded by the Korea Central Cancer Registry between 2003 and 2005, 47,915 cases involved colorectal cancers, accounting for 12.0 % of all malignancies. In 2002, total number of colorectal cancer cases had accounted for 11.2 % of all malignancies. Hereditary syndromes are the source of approximately 5% to 15% of overall colorectal cancer cases. Hereditary colorectal cancers are divided into two types: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and cancers associated with hereditary colorectal polyposis, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis, and the recently reported hMutYH (MYH)-associated polyposis (MAP). Hereditary colorectal cancers have unique clinical features distinct from sporadic cancer because these are due to germline mutations of the causative genes; (i) early age-of-onset of cancer, (ii) frequent association with synchronous or metachronous tumors, (iii) frequent association with extracolonic manifestations. The management strategy for patients with hereditary colorectal cancer is quite different from that for sporadic cancer. Furthermore, screening, genetic counseling, and surveillance for at-risk familial member are also important. A well-organized registry can plays a central role in the surveillance and management of families affected by hereditary colorectal cancers. Here, we discuss each type of hereditary colorectal cancer, focusing on the clinical and genetic characteristics, management, genetic screening, and surveillance.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2009

Purpose: With the development of diagnostic techniques, second primary neoplasms such as synchronous or metachronous cancers in gastric cancer patients are being increasingly found. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological features and clinical significance of gastric neoplasms combined with synchronous and metachronous cancers. Materials and Methods: 1,048 patients who were diagnosed with gastric cancer in Chosun University Hospital from January 1998 to March 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: 38 of the 1,048 patients with gastric cancer (3.6%) had synchronous and metachronous cancers. Of the 38 patients, 16 patients (42.1%) had synchronous cancer and 22 patients (57.9%) had metachronous cancer. The average time interval between gastric cancer and the secondary primary cancer was $27.08{\pm}31.25$ months. The most common second primary neoplasm was lung cancer (8/38, 21.1%), followed by colorectal cancer (8/38, 21.1%). Among the 27 patients who underwent surgical resection for gastric cancer, 5 patients (18.5%) were in the synchronous group and 22 patients (81.5%) were in the metachronous group. The mean survival time of the 38 patients was 49.8 months. The mean survival time was 24.6 months for the synchronous cancer patients and 68.1 month for the metachronous cancer patients. The 3 year survival rate of the synchronous group and the metachronous group was 33.3% and 81.1%, respectively. Conclusion: We must pay attention on the preoperative workup for synchronous cancer and on the postoperative follow-up for metachronous cancer in gastric cancer patients.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 2014

This study proposes a more comprehensive approach for FLD by analyzing the relationship of colorectal polyps, which are precursors of colorectal cancer. In Chi-Square tests of FLD and colorectal polyps, the prevalence of colorectal polyps was significantly high in cases of FLD. The polyps and correlation of each factor showed a positive relationship with all factors, and the correlation coefficient with FLD was highest (r = 0.39, p <.001). In multiple regression analysis, FLD(OR 3.80 95% CI 1.93.-7.50), FBS (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.12-5.62), and older age (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.27-3.54) were independent risk factors for colorectal polyps. FLD was associated with the prevalence of colorectal polyps. These results show a meaningful influenceof FLD by ultrasonography in the occurrence of colorectal polyps, and that positive consideration of colonoscopy is needed for diagnosed FLD.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.264-270
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• 2008

Phytic acid(PA) (Inositol hexaphosphate, $IP_6$) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plants and mammalian cells. Recently PA has received much attention for its role in anticancer activity. In the present study, the preventive effects of PA on colon carcinogenesis were investigated. Six-week old Fisher 344 male rats were fed a AIN-93G purified diet and PA(0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. The animals received two ($1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ week) injections of azoxymethane(AOM, 15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic aberrant crypt foci(ACF). After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypts(AC) and ACF in colonic mucosa were examined after staining with methylene blue. Blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. AOM induced the total numbers of $142.3{\pm}22.3$ ACF/colon and $336.6{\pm}55.1$ AC/colon. PA at the doses of 0.5 and 2% decreased the numbers of ACF and AC/colon in a dose-dependent manner. The numbers of ACF/colon and AC/colon by PA at the dose of 0.5% were $124.4{\pm}28.5\;and\;302.7{\pm}67.3$, respectively. PA at the dose of 2% significantly decreased the ACF and AC numbers to $109{\pm}18.1\;and\;254.8{\pm}50.6$, respectively(p<0.01). Especially, 2% PA significantly reduced the number of large ACF(${\geq}4$ AC/ACF) from $26.8{\pm}6.2$ ACF/colon to $15{\pm}6.7$ ACF/colon(p<0.01). Although some parameters in blood counts and serum chemistry were changed compared with the control, no specific toxicity was found. These findings suggest that phytic acid can be a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis resulting from inhibition of the development of ACF in the F344 rat.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 2009

The clinical significance of hepatic resection for gastric metastases is controversial, even though hepatic resection has been widely accepted as a modality for colorectal metastases. Very few patients with gastric hepatic metastases are good candidates for hepatic resection because of multiple bilateral metastases, extrahepatic disease, or advanced cancer progression, such as peritoneal dissemination or extensive lymph node metastases. Therefore, several authors have reported the clinical significance of hepatic resection for gastric metastases in a small number of patients. Considering the present results with previous reports. The number and distribution of tumors in hepatic metastases from gastric cancer was considered based on the present and previous reports. Several authors have reported significantly better survival in patients with metachronous metastasis than in those with synchronous disease. However, metachronous hepatic resection necessitates the dissection of adhesions between the pancreas, liver, and residual stomach to prepare for Pringle's maneuver. Patients with unilobar liver metastasis, and/or metastatic tumors <4 cm in diameter may be good candidates for hepatic resection. Synchronous metastasis is not a contraindication for hepatic resection. Most of the long-term survivors underwent anatomic hepatic resection with a sufficient resection margin. After hepatic resection, the most frequent site of recurrence was the remaining liver, which was associated with a high frequency of mortality within 2 years. A reasonable strategy for improvement in survival would be to prevent recurrence by means of adjuvant chemotherapy and careful follow-up studies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.357-361
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• 2004

반복적인 실험을 통해 부추 김치에서 분리된 대부분의 유산균은 항유전독성 효과를 갖는 것으로 보인다. 이는 전에 시행되었던 각종 김치의 유산균을 이용한 항유전독성 효과 조사에서도 다른 김치유산균에 비해서 부추김치의 유산균이 항유전독성효과가 높다는 것을 통해서도 증명되었다. 유산균 섭취시에 균주가 장내의 혐기성 상태에서 존재하게 되는데 아직까지는 혐기성 상태에서 배양된 균주의 항유전독성효과가 그다지 높지 않은 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 혐기성 상태에서 배양된 항유전독성효과가 높은 균주를 찾는 것이 시급하다고 본다. 그러나 호기성 상태에서 배양된 항유전독성이 높은 균주들이 혐기성 상태에서도 배양되는 것을 확인하였고 이 균주들의 장내 생존 가능성을 예측할 수 있다. 물론 이를 뒷받침하기 위해서 이 유산균들이 위와 장내의 조건에서 생존가능하는지에 대해 pH 생존 조사를 해야 할 것이다. 또한 혐기성 상태에서 배양되었을 때에도 이 균주들이 항유전독성 효과가 있는지도 앞으로 실시되어야 할 과제일 것이다. 항유전독성 효과와 달리 항암효과에 대해서는 높은 효과를 보이지 않았지만 본래 CT-26 세포가 대장암 세포이기에 이 세포 자체의 DNA에 손상 복구율을 부여했다는 것에 의미를 둘 수 있겠다. 항유전독성효과와 항암효과가 있는 유산균의 분리를 통해 우리가 다음으로 해야 될 일은 첫째로 이 균주들에 대해 여러 가지 특성을 찾아 동정하고 둘째로 지금까지 밝혀진 결과를 in vivo상에서 검증하는 것이다. 지금까지 밝혀진 유산균은 대부분 발효 유제품에서 자라는 유산균인데 한국인이 주로 섭취하는 각종 김치나 부추김치 등에서 분리한 균주에서도 이 기능이 있음을 밝힌다면 이들의 소비에 도움이 될 것이고 또한 이 균주들을 이용해 향유전독성, 항암성 등이 있는 기능성 제품을 만들어 낼 수 있을 것이다.첨가한 햄보다 적었다.분산시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 고기를 단계별 복합처리로 저 allergy 처리는 단계별로 점차적으로 allergy가 감소되었다. 즉 단계별로 억제가 안되는 것부터 억제되는 처리를 복합적으로 처리한 것으로 그 단계는 천연효소처리에 인산염 처리, 여기에 초음파 처리, 마지막 단계로 3분 끓이면 억제율이 68%까지 억제되었다. 이는 단일처리시 전혀 억제를 못하는 처리를 단계별로 한 단계씩 더해가면 allergy 억제효과가 나타난다고 할 수 있겠다. 초음파 처리도 역시 저 allergy 처리 공정에 이용될 수 있는데 이것은 그 처리로 인해 새로운 알러젠이 생성될 수도 있다. 또한 복합처리로 allergy를 감소시키면 연속적이고 동시적으로 하기 때문에 원가를 절감할 수 있다.환경현안에 대한 정치경제적 접근을 외면하지 말고 교과서 저작의 소재로 삼을 수 있어야 하며, 이는 '환경관리주의'와 '녹색소비'에 머물러 있는 '환경 지식교육'과 실천을 한단계 진전시키는 작업으로 이어질 것이다. 이후 10년의 환경교육은 바로 '생태적 합리성'과 '환경정의'라는 두 '화두'에 터하여 세워져야 한다.배액에서 약해를 보였으나, 25% 야자지방산의 경우 50 ${\sim}$ 100배액 어디에서도 액해를 보이지 않았다. 별도로 적용한 시험에서, 토마토의 경우에도 25% 야자지방산 비누 50 ${\sim}$ 100배액 모두 약해를 발생하지 않았으나, 오이에서는 25% 야자지방산 비누 100배액에도 약해를 나타내었다. 12. 이상의 결과, 천연지방산을 이용하여 유기농업에 허용되는 각종의 살충비누를 제조할 수 있었으며, 방제가 조사결과 진딧물, 응애 등 껍질이 연약한 곤충의 방제에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 제조된 살충비누를 활용하면 환경친화적인 해

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.6-7
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• 2000

개발도상국의 급격한 인구 증가에 의해 세계 60억 이라는 인구도 2050년을 맞아 약 100억에 도달할 것이라고 일컬어진다. 이로 인한 장래의 식량 위기에 대비하여 벼, 밀, 옥수수 등의 증산, 품종 개발도 물론 필요하지만 선진국을 중심으로 시장성 높은 작물의 소비가 우선되어지는 상황에 맞추어 세계적으로 주식이 될 수 있는 새로운 곡류의 확보와 생산체제도 중요한 문제이다. 한편으로 생활의 향상에 따른 식물의 다양화와 건강지향의 관점으로 본 다 품목 소량형의 식생활을 하는 것이 식물성 allergy의 방지 측면으로서의 곡류 특히 잡곡류의 유효 이용이 부각되어진다. 이들 중 amarans, quinoa는 벼과 식물에 비교해서 광합성능이 좋은 C4식물로서 생장이 빠르고 동시에 비타민, 무기질, 지질이 풍부하고 구성 단백질 중에 필수 아미노산을 많이 함유하여 아미노산 등급도 높고 특히 영양 발란스도 우수하다. 또 cholesterol 저하작용, 식물섬유에 의한 대장암의 억제 작용 등이 잘 알려져 있다. 그리l고 quinoa에 대해서는 아메리카 항공우주국(NASA)에서 CELSS(Controlled Ecological Life Support System; 장기간 우주특무비행의 승선원을 위한 공기중의 이산화탄소를 제거하고 식량·산소·물을 만들어 내기 위해 식물을 이용하는 방법)에 적합한 작물 후보로써 선택되어 신규 식품소재로써 주목받고 있다. 이상과 같은 견지로부터 amarans, quinoa를 일상식화되고 있는 빵에 이용하기 위해 제빵성 및 혼합중의 반죽의 모든 성질에 대해서 검토했다. amarans는 초과의 Amaranthus에 속하고 주요 생산국은 아메리카, 멕시코, 페루등이지만 일본에서는 주로 A.hypochondriacus가 수입되어 이용 되어지고 있다.amarans의 가루는 단독으로는 점탄성 있는 반죽을 형성하지 않기 때문에 밀가루에 일부를 대용한 wheat flour dough를 사용하고 가정용 제빵기로 구워 최종 단계에까지의 제빵성 결과를 산출했다. amarans folur 5%의 대체에는 빵의 비용적이 비교적 증대했지만 그 이상 amarans flour을 대처하면 확연히 비용적은 감소했다. amarans flour 10% 대체에 hemicellulase 1250U 이상을 첨가하면 비용적은 눈에 띄게 증대했다. farinograph에 있어서 반죽의 안정성은 amarans flour 10% 대용에 현저히 감소했다. 반죽의 점탄성(아축응력, 탄성률, 점성계수)는 amarans flour 10%를 대용한 것이 무첨가한 것보다 많이 단단해졌음을 알 수 있었다. 혼합중의 반죽의 조사형 전자현미경 관찰로 amarans flour로 대체한 gluten이 단단해졌음을 알수 있었다. 유화제 stearly 칼슘, 혹은 hemicellulase를 amarans 10% 대체한 밀가루에 첨가하면 확연히 비용적을 증대시킬 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. quinoa는 명아주과 Chenopodium에 속하고 페루, 볼리비아 등의 고산지에서 재배 되어지는 것을 시료로 사용하였다. quinoa 분말은 중량의 5-20%을 quinoa를 대체하고 더욱이 분말중량에 대하여 0-200ppm의 lipase를 lipid(밀가루의 2-3배)에 대하여 품질개량제로서 이용했다. 그 결과 quinoa 대량 7.5%에서 비용적, gas cell이 가장 긍정적 결과를 산출했고 반죽의 조직구조가 강화되었다. 또 quinoa 대체에 의해 전분-지질 복합제의 흡열량이 증대된 것으로부터 전분-지질복합제의 형성 촉진이 시사되었다.이것으로 인하여 호화억제에 의한 노화 방지효과가 기대되었지만 실제로 빵의 노화는 현저히 진행되었다. 이것은 quinua 대체량 증가에 따른 반죽의 안정성이 저하되어 버린 것으로 생각되어진다. 더욱이 lipase를 첨가하면 반죽이 분화하는 경향이 보여졌지만 첨가량 75ppm에 있어서 상당히 비용적의 증대가 보였다. 이것은 lipase의 가수분해에 의해 생긴 monogliceride에 의한 유화각 일어나서 보존성이 개선되어진 것으로 quinoa를 보다 많이 빨에 이용하기 위해서는 lipaserk 품질개량제로서 유효하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또 lipase는 quinoa의 대체량이 비교적 많은 10-20%의 섭취가 곧 allergy 질환 문제의 개선책이 되는 것은 물론 amarans, quinoa에는 lysine, 함황아미노산이 많고 지질중의 지방산조성도 좋고 무기질도 많이 함유되어 있다. 이와같이 우리들 개인의 건강에 대한 배려도 있고 amarans, quinoa등의 식품재료를 적극적으로 사용할 수 있도록 유념해 두었으면 하는 바램이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.674-679
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• 2007

Background: Surgical resection is accepted widely as the standard therapy for complete resectable pulmonary metastases. The number of cases of pulmonary metastasectomy and its survival rate is increasing due to the development of the therapeutic modalities. We attempted to analyze the survival rate and prognosis factors of pulmonary metastasectomy during the last 10 years. Material and Method: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 89 patients who underwent 96 procedures of pulmonary metastasectomy between January 1996 and December 2005. The factors that may influence the long term prognosis such as completeness of resection, the type of primary cancer, the disease-free interval, the number and size of metastasis and the laterality were investigated. Result: There was no operative mortality. The mean disease free interval (DFI) was $29.6{\pm}27.9$ months and there were 3 cases of synchronous metastasis (3.4%). The overall 3, 5 and 10 year survival rate was 52.5%, 32.1% and 20.7%, respectively. The median survival time was 38 months. The 5-year survival rate according to the IRLM appraisal was 63.5%, 33.3%, 22.1% and 0% for stage I, II, III and IV, respectively Univariate analysis showed a better prognosis for patients with a disease free interval of 36 months or more, unilateral metastasis and 4 or less metastases. Conclusion: The survival rate for completely resectable pulmonary metastasectomy was favorable. The disease free interval, laterality and the number of metastasis were the prognosis factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.687-694
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• 2012

$Jeot-gal$ is a traditional Korean fermented seafood with a salt concentration of 15~20%. However, today's consumers prefer low-salted foods as they have become aware that high levels of salt cause hypertension and diabetes. In this study, the quality characteristics and shelf-life of low-salted squid $Jeot-gal$ were investigated at different fermentation temperatures and salt concentrations. The shelf-lives of 3%-salted squid $Jeot-gal$ fermented at -1, 4, and $10^{\circ}C$ were 45, 31, and 23 days, respectively, whereas those of 5%-salted squid $Jeot-gal$ were 52, 36, and 25 days. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the ethanol extract of squid $Jeot-gal$ was stronger than that of the water extract. However, the other antioxidative activities, such as hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities, as well as enzyme inhibitory activities were very low at 20 mg/mL of water and ethanol extracts. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, the quality of low-salted fermented squid $Jeot-gal$ was almost similar to that of commercial squid $Jeot-gal$ with a high salt concentration.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.383-393
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• 2008

Purpose: Cancer specific killing can be achieved by therapeutic gene activated by cancer specific promotor. Expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene causes transportation and concentration of iodide into the cell, therefore radioiodine treatment after NIS gene transfer to cancer cell could be a form of radionuclide gene therapy. luciferase (Luc) gene transfected cancer cell can be monitored by in vivo optical imaging after D-luciferin injection. Aims of the study are to make vector with both therapeutic NIS gene driven by AFP promoter and reporter Luc gene driven by CMV promoter, to perform hepatocellular carcinoma specific radiodiodine gene therapy by the vector, and assessment of the therapy effect by optical imaging using luciferase expression. Materials and Methods: A Vector with AFP promoter driven NIS gene and CMV promoter driven Luc gene (AFP-NIS-CMV-Luc) was constructed. Liver cancer cell (HepG2, Huh-7) and non liver cancer cell (HCT-15) were transfected with the vector using liposome. Expression of the NIS gene at mRNA level was elucidated by RT-PCR. Radioiodide uptake, perchlorate blockade, and washout tests were performed and bioluminescence also measured by luminometer in these cells. In vitro clonogenic assay with 1-131 was performed. In vivo nuclear imaging was obtained with gamma camera after 1-131 intraperitoneal injection. Results: A Vector with AFP-NIS-CMV-Luc was constructed and successfully transfected into HepG2, Huh-7 and HCT-15 cells. HepG2 and Huh-7 cells with AFP-NIS-CMV-Luc gene showed higher iodide uptake than non transfected cells and the higher iodide uptake was totally blocked by addition of perchlorate. HCT-15 cell did not showed any change of iodide uptake by the gene transfection. Transfected cells had higher light output than control cells. In vitro clonogenic assay, transfected HepG2 and Huh-7 cells showed lower colony count than non transfected HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, but transfected HCT-15 cell did not showed any difference than non transfected HCT-15 cell. Number of Huh-7 cells with AFP-NIS-CMV-Luc gene transfection was positively correlated with radioidine accumulation and luciferase activity. In vivo nuclear imaging with 1-131 was successful in AFP-NIS-CMV-Luc gene transfected Huh-7 cell xenograft on nude mouse. Conclusion: A Vector with AFP promoter driven NIS and CMV promoter driven Luc gene was constructed. Transfection of the vector showed liver cancer cell specific enhancement of 1-131 cytotoxicity by AFP promoter, and the effect of the radioiodine therapy can be successfully assessed by non-invasive luminescence measurement.