• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.49-58
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to find out how on-line counseling modalities (phone, video, and video counseling using digital mask) differ from face-to-face counseling in terms of clients' perception of working alliance, depth and smoothness of each session, satisfaction, and their qualitative counseling experience. 40 university students participated in the experiment, divided into 4 groups, received 3 personal counseling sessions per person. The quantitative data revealed no significant difference among the four counseling groups in working alliance. Also, the "depth" of the session was similar in the four groups, but phone and video with mask counseling group who did not expose their faces showed higher "smoothness" in the first and second sessions than face-to-face counseling group, indicating that anonymity was helping the clients' inhibition overcome. Through the post-interview data, subtle differences in experience of each counseling method were identified by the participants. The results are expected to provide primary information for developing and implementing various online counseling modalities in the future.

• The Korean Publising Journal, Monthly
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• s.245
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• pp.11-11
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• 1998

북한의 역사연구는 국가적 차원에서 조직됐기 때문에 역사상이 대체로 통일돼 있다. 근현대사 시기구분, 근현대사에 전개된 사건가 주요 인물에 대한 평가 등에서 북한은 반회세 투쟁과 애국주의, '타도 제국주의 동맹' 등을 기점으로 시기구분하며, 주체사상을 강조하려는 의도가 깔려 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.33-40
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• 2000

IGA는 1926년 시카고의 회계사인 T Frank Grimes의 주도로 William W. Thompson, Louis G. Groebe, H.V. Swenson 등 독립자영 슈퍼마켓 사업자들이 체인상점으로서의 독립성을 기르고, 동맹을 통한 공동의 이익을 추구하기 위해 설립되었으며, 이후, 독립자영 소매점의 계속되는 성공에 많은 일익을 담당하게 된 IGA는 이제 미국 유통산업에서 핵심적인 위치를 차지하게 되었습니다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.20-22
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• 2020

한진해운 파산, 해운동맹 재편 이후 부산신항 컨테이너터미널의 운영 결과를 분석해 보고자한다. 이 연구에서는 DEA를 활용한 효율성 분석과 더 나아가 터미널 내부 자료를 활용한 생산성 분석을 통하여 터미널 운영사 간 비교를 통하여 시사점을 제공하였다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.237-256
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• 2011

A Liner Conference can be defined as "a group of two or more vessel operating carriers which provide international liner services for the carriage of cargo on a particular route or routes within specific geographical limits and which has an agreement or arrangement within the framework of which they operate under uniform or common freight rates and any other agreed conditions with respect to the provisions of the liner services". This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any special EC antitrust regime for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far th the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historic changes. The abolition of Regulation 4056/86 and of the EU commitment to the UN Code of Conduct marks an historical evolution in international maritime policy, which will have an influence far beyond the EU.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.335-359
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to interpret the articles revision of the 2009 ISC(Cargo) compared to the 1982. The result of this study is summarized as followings: 1) the 'clause' attached to article in 1982 ISC(Cargo) was deleted in the revision of 2009 ISC(Cargo). 2) 2009 ISC(Cargo) is characterized as the marine insurance firms' acceptance of new environment change, limitation in causation and subject-matter insured, expansion of insurance period, and limited revision. 3) The assured has a large range of choice in 2009 ISC(Cargo) even though both 1982 ISqCargo) and 2009 ISC(Cargo) would be existed further. 4) There are few studies which have a focus on the impact of the relationship between responsibility of the insurer and opportunity of the assured on rate of premium. In the future, the studies on clauses, relationship among clauses, relationship between clause and rate of premium are needed in the 2009 ICC(Air), 2009 IWC(Air Cargo), 2009 ISC(Air Cargo), 2009 IWC(sending by post) et al.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.165-188
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• 2010

The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any "special EC antitrust regime" for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far to the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historical change. Moreover, based on the precedents which have appeared so far, a general assessment is offered under this new EC regime on agreements restricting competition in the liner shipping industry, in particular horizontal ones: conference and tariff/freight arrangements will be doomed, whereas the legitimacy of consortia agreements should not be cast in doubt; a case-by-case analysis will be the approach as regards exchange or dissemination of information by shipowners in the market, and the relevant case law which emerges on these matters in other industries will be the criterion for their evaluation. Finally, a few remarks are made in respect of the international dimension of the decision to outlaw liner conferences and hence carve out EU Member States from the UN Code of Conduct regime.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.132-140
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• 2017

Objective : The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR) has been reported as a reliable, valid and widely used tool for measuring therapeutic alliance. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of WAI-SR (WAI-SR-K). Methods : A sample of 196 outpatients completed the WAI-SR-K and the data were analyzed for internal consistency and factor structure. Additionally 51 outpatients re-filled WAI-SR-K after two weeks for the test-retest reliability. To test for the validity, questionnaires of treatment satisfaction, and scales including the Korean version of Drug attitude inventory-10 (K-DAI-10) and Hospital anxiety and depression scale (KHADS) were administered. Results : Internal consistency of WAI-SR-K was good (Cronbach's alpha=0.928) and an exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure. The WAI-SR-K showed a reasonable test-retest reliability (r= 0.810, p<0.01). The total score of WAI-SR-K was positively correlated with K-DAI-10 (r=0.276, p<0.01), and negatively correlated with scores of K-HADS-D (r=-0.217, p<0.01) and K-HADS-A (r=-0.159, p<0.05). Conclusion : The Korean version of Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised proved to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring therapeutic alliance in Korean patients with depressive symptoms.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.333-370
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• 2017

북한의 SLBM 위협이 대한민국 안보에 미치는 영향에 대해 그동안 많은 논의가 있어 왔지만, 북의 잠수함에서 발사하는 탄도미사일이 보유한 진정한 위협에 대한 인식은 아직도 부족한 듯하다. 그 이유는 대부분의 논의가 북 SLBM 기술의 성숙도와 완성시기 등 기술적 수준에 관심이 치우쳐져 있기 때문이다. 핵전략과 억제전략의 관점에서 본다면 북한의 SLBM 개발은 한미동맹의 제1격에 대한 완벽한 제2격 능력 보유에 그 핵심이 있다. 즉 향후 개발될 북한의 SLBM은 평양 김정은 정권의 생존을 보장할 직접적이고 핵심적인 전력이 될 것이다. 이는 궁극적으로 한미 군사동맹과 북한의 현 군사력 균형을 깨뜨리고 앞으로 북의 군사도발 가능성을 더욱 높이는 결과를 가지고 올 것이다. 북의 핵전략은 현재 확증보복(assured retaliation) 단계로 발전하고 있으며, 결국에는 전쟁에 사용될 전술적 핵무기 능력(war-fighting capability)을 갖게 될 것이다. 이에 대한민국 해군은 우리의 강점을 활용하여 적의 약점을 공략할 수 있는 상쇄전략(offset strategy)을 개발하여야 한다. 북한의 현 제한된 잠수함 기술력과 대잠작전 능력을 고려할 때 한국해군은 수중영역에서의 공세적 대잠전(offensive ASW) 개념을 보다 발전시켜야만 할 것이다. 이는 미 해군이 냉전기간 중 소련해군 핵추진전략잠수함(SSBN) 대응을 위해 발전시킨 전략대잠전(strategic ASW) 개념에서 교훈을 얻을 수 있다. 미 해군은 소련 해군의 SSBN 을 억제하기 위해 공세적인 전략대잠전을 수행했고 그 결과 소련해군은 자국의 연안에서 벗어나지 못하는 요새전략(bastion strategy)를 추구할 수밖에 없었다. 당시 미 해군의 전략대잠전은 공격잠수함(SSN), 대잠초계기, 수중 탐지체계(SOSUS), 공격기뢰 등의 전력으로 구성되었다. 따라서 북한 SLBM 에 대한 한국해군의 전략개념은 북의 핵전략(제 2 격능력)을 억제하는 방향으로 정립되어야 하며, 이를 위한 해군력 건설은 대잠전 능력 강화에 초점을 맞추어야 한다. 우리 해군은 장기적으로 핵추진잠수함을 비롯하여 성능이 향상된 대잠초계기, 한반도 해역을 중심으로 한 미 해군의 SOSUS 와 유사한 수중탐지장비 그리고 장시간 수중작전이 가능한 무인잠수정(UUV)을 도입해야만 한다. 단기적으로는 현재 추진되고 있는KAMD 체계에 SM-3 를 보유한 이지스함을 포함시켜, 북 SLBM 에 대한 요격능력을 강화해야 할 것이다. 한미동맹은 북 핵전략의 핵심전력인 SLBM 개발에 대한 위협인식을 공유해야만 하다. 작전적 수준에서는 양국 해군 간 대잠전 및 대유도탄전 작전운용성 증대에 우선순위를 두고, 기존의 한미 간 연합작전능력 강화뿐 아니라 위기시를 대비하여 미일 간 구축되어 있는 대잠전 및 대유도탄전 능력도 활용할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

The Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games is a good example of functionalism in integration theories. President Moon Jae-in is extremely lucky to play host to the Winter Olympics. Moon should be particularly happy to have declared the 23rd Winter Games open, because a handful of North Korean athletes marched into the Pyeongchang Stadium as members of a joint team from "Corea," the result of his strenuous efforts to have the North participate in the world festival of sports on snow and ice. But the president of this divided nation hardly draws envy from other world leaders, as he is faced with the daunting task of accommodating the selfish positions of surrounding powers concerning North Korean nuclear and missile threats. North Korea, a trivial competitor in winter sports, scored big outside the games' sporting arenas by inviting President Moon to summit talks in Pyongyang. As a precondition for a 2018 summit, Pyongyang will first ask for the cessation of the annual joint Korea-US military exercises. President Moon invested a lot in the Olympic delegates from the North. Korea's leader will now have to start a truly difficult game which will require the best of best strategies as well as a great deal of wisdom and tenacity not only to deal with the weapons of mass destruction-toting North Koreans, but also with allies. On the other hand, Moon needs to make the effort to reset domestic politics with tolerance and compromise, so he can better concentrate on the conundrum of North Korean nuclear and missile threats.