• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.26-44
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• 2017

한국 전통 연지의 시원으로 평가되는 궁남지는 "삼국사기"에 나타난 무왕의 연지 축조 기록, 사비왕궁으로 추정되는 관북리 유적 및 화지산 이궁지 남쪽에 위치한 지리적 정황에 의해 궁남지로 비정되는 한편 사적으로 지정 복원되었다. 본 연구는 궁남지의 복원정비 과정에 나타난 진정성 왜곡과 전통의 발명에 초점을 맞추어 고찰되었으며, 연구의 요약된 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 마래방죽[마천지]으로 불려왔던 궁남지는 일제 강점기 때만 해도 3만여 평의 광대한 자연 저습지의 상태로 존재했다. 궁남지 복원에 주도적인 역할을 했던 홍사준은 1940년대만 해도 마래방죽에 백제시대 궁남지 유적으로 추정되는 섬과 석축시설이 남아있었고 그 위에 전각 및 정원을 조성한 흔적이 발견되었다고 전했다. 또한 화지산 이궁터의 조사 후 서동설화와 연관시켜 마래방죽을 궁남지와 동일시하는 의견을 피력하였는데, 이는 궁남지 복원정비의 이론적 근거로 작용하였다. 특히 홍사준이 제시한 스케치 도면 및 부여도엽에서 마래방죽의 형태와 규모를 엿볼 수 있었는데, 이러한 방죽의 형태는 일제 강점기에 촬영된 사진 속 상황과 근사한 것으로 판단된다. 2. 궁남지의 축소정비는 1960년대 추진된 경지정리사업에 의해 농경지로 불하되고 남은 잔여의 면적이 수습된 결과였다. 1965~67년에 있었던 최초 복원공사 이래 수차례 시행된 궁남지 정비를 통해 드러난 문제는 고고학적 사실에 근거하지 않은 채 후대의 시각으로 추정복원 되면서 경복궁 향원지의 구성을 그대로 복제한 데 기인한다. 구체적으로, 연못 안에 섬과 정자를 놓고 교량으로 섬과 육지를 연결시키는 구성은 궁남지가 경복궁 향원정을 모델로 만들어졌음을 방증해 준다. 하지만 교량설계에 참조된 취향교 조차도 조선시대의 형식으로 보기 어려운바 당시의 잘못된 복원설계의 동기와 발상이 궁남지의 가치를 크게 저하시켰다고 판단된다. 이처럼 전통조경의 소재로서 이미 널리 알려진 디자인 전범을 그대로 모방한 것은 경복궁이 갖는 미적 표상과 기호를 지향한 것으로서, 궁남지가 그와 유사한 장소 권위를 획득하도록 의도된 것이었다. 3. 궁남지는 애초부터 진정성이 결여된 채 정비된 사적이었기 때문에 정비 과정에서 경관의 왜곡과 전통성의 남용을 통해 유적의 역사적 맥락이 과감히 표방되어 갔다. 이러한 역사 재료의 무비판적인 활용과 왜곡을 불사한 정비방식은 1960~70년대 박정희 체제에 의해 주도된 민족주의 문화정책과 맞닿아 있다. '만들어진 전통담론'의 맥락에서, 박정희 시기의 문화정책은 국민의 기억에서 이상화된 과거를 취사선택하여 그것을 가시적으로 부각시키는 방향으로 전개되었다. 그 결과, 이전의 유적을 보수하는 수준을 넘어서서 화려하고 웅장한 모습이 부각된 사적지가 전국 곳곳에 생겨나게 되었는데, 궁남지가 초기에 순수한 보존의식으로 축소되어 정비되었음에도 불구하고 점차 본래 공간과는 상관없는 새로운 건조물들이 들어서고 기형적으로 확장 정비되어 갔던 사실은 그러한 국가주도 문화정책의 영향이 컸다고 판단된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.125-148
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• 2009

UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.