• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2009

Korea is known to have seasonal frost during winter and the effect of low temperatures and water may cause a weakening of pavements. For that reason, frost protection layers have been constructed in pavements to avoid damage caused by frost action. The practies established in USA and Japan have been adopted as anti-frost design methods in Korea. However, the characteristics of Korean soils are different. Additionally, there is no formulation of a reasonable equation for frost penetration depth and the criterion to identify potentially frost-susceptible soils in present pavement design manuals in Korea. Therefore, adequate pavement design procedures in seasonal frost areas, as well as construction and maintenance practices are required. In this paper, frost penetration depths along national roads in Korea were measured and analyzed over several years. The frost penetration depth was analyzed with respect to the provinces of Korea and sunny/ shaded areas. Additionally, measurement results were compared to the formula of the US Army Corps of Engineers and Ifukube in Japan.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.143-152
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the freezing index and frost penetration depth. The freezing index and frost penetration depth were analyzed using air temperature and temperature profile of pavement system in Korea LTPP-SPS(Long Term Pavement Performance-Specific Pavement Study) site. The predicted frost penetration depth were then compared with the measured one from the LTPP sites. And the trend of annual freezing index was analyzed using the temperature data of meteorological stations located in the vicinity of Korea LTPP-SPS site. The result showed that the freezing index was rapidly decreased since 1987, and it was known that the use of freezing index determined from the past 30 years temperature data could cause the over estimates in the pavement thickness design. The temperature profile measured at 3 sections of LTPP-SPS sites showed that the temperature of subbase layer was above $0^{\circ}C$, even though anti-frost layers were found in these sections. Comparing the measured and calculated frost depth, the frost depth calculated from the subgrade frost penetration permissible method showed a similar trend with the measured frost depth.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2011

도로의 동상방지층을 설치하기 위하여 동결관입깊이를 산정하며, 동결지수는 대기온도의 강도와 지속시간의 누가영향으로 표시된다. 대기온도는 일평균 대기온도를 사용하며 4개/일 평균(대기온도$_4$)을 사용하는 것이 일반적이지만, 현재 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 일평균 대기온도는 8개/일(대기온도$_8$)를 제공하고 있다. 이러한 일평균 대기온도의 산정하는 방법이 동결지수의 산정결과에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 한반도 남부지역(동결지수 $350^{\circ}C{\cdot}$일) 미만 6개지역을 저성토부, 절성경계부 및 절토부로 구분하여 15개소에 대하여 현장계측시스템을 구축하였다. 그리고 현장계측 시스템으로부터 얻어진 대기온도를 통하여 동결지수를 산정하여 비교하였다. 동결지수 비교결과 일반적으로 일평균 대기온도$_4$를 사용한 경우가 일평균 대기온도$_8$을 사용하는 경우보다 약 3% 전후 큰 것으로 나타나났으며, 6개 지역의 동결지수를 결정할 때 대기온도$_8$을 사용한 동결지수를 보정할 수 있는 보정식을 제안하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2010

Korea is known to have seasonal frozen ground during a winter season due to climatic and ground conditions. Temperatures below $0^{\circ}C$ cause pavement failure by frost heaving and thaw settlement. A frost protection layer has been constructed in pavements to avoid damage caused by frost action. Anti-frost design methods in Korea have been adopted, which is established in U.S. and Japan. However the characteristics of soils in Korea are different and there are no reasonable modifications to accommodate these characteristics. Therefore, adequate pavement design procedures including seasonal frost action, as well as construction and maintenance practices are required. In this paper, the frost penetration depths along national roads in Korea are presented based on field measurement over several years (1991~2010). The frost penetration depths are analyzed with respect to the Provinces of Korea and sunny/shaded areas.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1988

Korea has the ground which freezes in winter and melts in warmer seasons by turns. Therefore, in designing civil-structures or buildings on such ground, the depth of seasonal frost penetratio must be considered. In this paper, approximate contours of the maximum depth of frost penetration in Korea is presented. It was found that the maximum depth of frost penetration did not have the linear relationship to square root of the freezing index. In order to establish more reliable method to estimate the maximum depth of frost penetration, a new empirical equation is introduced. In the presented equation, the dry unit weight and water content of soil are considered in addition to the freezing index. And the equation is compared with other previous equations used so far.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3D
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• pp.433-439
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• 2011

The frost depth(frost penetration) is used to install anti-frost heave layers in pavement designs. The freezing index is calculated by an annual accumulated value of multiplying the period of time with temperatures below zero, and the corresponding temperature. Therefore, the DAAT(daily average air temperature) calculation method may play an effect on the FI(freezing index). The Weather Observatory used to supply 4 average air temperatures per day, but currently supplies 8 per day. With this study, we divided the southern part(below FI=$350^{\circ}C{\cdot}day$) of the Korean peninsula into 6 areas according to site conditions(low embankment, embankment-cutting slope, and the cutting slope) and established a field measurement system for 15 positions to check the effects on the result of FI according to differing DAAT calculation methods. The air temperatures obtained by the field measurement system was used to calculate and compare the FI. As a result, the freezing index calculated based on the $DAAT_4(T_4)$ is normally greater by 3% than the one on $DAAT_8(T_8)$. In addition, the calibration equation for the freezing index using air temperatures was proposed through the research.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.555-565
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• 2018

Nowadays, the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method has been used in many geotechnical engineering applications such as temporary excavation support, underpinning, and groundwater cutoff. The AGF method conducts the freezing process by employing a refrigerant circulating through a set of embedded freezing pipes to form frozen walls serving as an excavation support and cutoff wall. Two refrigerants of brine with the freezing temperature of $-20{\sim}-40^{\circ}C$ and liquid nitrogen with the freezing (evaporating) temperature of $-196^{\circ}C$ are commonly being used in geotechnical applications. This paper performed a series of field experiments to evaluate the freezing rate of marine clay in application of the AGF method. The field experiments consisted of the single freezing-pipe test and the frozen-wall formation test by circulating liquid nitrogen, which is a cryogenic refrigerant, into freezing pipes constructed at a depth of 3.2 m in the ground. The temperature of discharged liquid nitrogen was maintained through the automatic valve, and the temperature change induced by AGF method was measured at the freezing pipes and in the ground with time. According to the experimental results, the single freezing-pipe test consumed about 11.9 tons of liquid nitrogen for 3.5 days to form a cylindrical frozen body with the volume of about $2.12m^3$. In addition, the frozen-wall formation test used about 18 tons of liquid nitrogen for 4.1 days to form a frozen wall with the volume of about $7.04m^3$. The radial freezing rate decreased with increasing the radius of frozen body because the frozen area at a certain depth is proportional to the square of the radius. The radial freezing rate was formulated as a simple equation.