• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.62-76
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• 2001

This study is to offer the basic information and materials for the restoration of the urban forest and the ecologically healthy and continuous green belt through the investigation and the analysis on the vegetation in Hwasan Park, Chonju-City. The flora of Hwasan Neighborhood park was composed of 86 families 230 genera, 261 species, 35 varieties, 1 formae or 298 Taxa. Among them, calculation of Pte-Q Index represented 0.60, Fisher's Index. Some characteristics of the plants in this area have represented such as Th-D1-R5 type in biological type, erect form(64.6%) in growth type, 30 taxa in naturalized plants. The life form spectra investigated from Hwasan neighborhood park was recognized as the following M"17.4%, N:11.4%, E:0.3%, Ch:0%, H:29.8%, G:6.7%, HH:0%, Th:34.2%. By the Z-M method 5 plant communities and 3 afforestation were recognized; Quercus variabilis community, Q.acutissima community, Q.serrata community, Sorbus alnifolia community, Pinus densiflora community, P.rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation and Larix leptolepis afforestation. The actual vegetation map constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data. The pattern of successional trend of tree species might be suggested: L. leptoleipis, P. rigida and P. densifloralongrightarrowQ.variabilis and Q.acutissimalongrightarrowS.alnifolia and Q.serratalongrightarrowCarpinus tschonoskii community. Three measurements of species diversity (richness index(SR), Shannon-Wiener index(H'), evenness index(J')) and their relationship with community type were studied in the surveyed plant communities. Q.serrata community was higher in SR, H', J' than the other communities, whereas R.pseduo-acacia afforestation was low. Finally, The vegetation of the Hwasan neighborhood park must not allowed any more. Nothing ca be better than native states in preserving the ecosystems.tems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.57-66
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• 2011

This study researched those universities for which fence opening and greening projects are being conducted by Seoul city. The forms of opened fences at 24 universities which have accomplished this project were classified into several types for each type of university, representative cases with many diverse facilities and active users were selected and investigated. The study was carried out using methods of field observations, literature review, and surveys. To maintain the confidentiality of the collected questionnaire analysis, the analysis of each type's usage frequency, overall satisfaction and a regression analysis with space environment and facilities, a one-way ANOVA for was used to validate the difference between types regarding satisfaction with the project. The results of usage type analysis were found to agree with the 3 analysis criteria-- installation location, user characteristics, and usage purpose--which were the legislative concepts. In overall satisfaction with facilities, it appeared that except for Seoul Women's College of Nursing with its rural district neighborhood type park, users were satisfied: with the small urban neighborhood park of Methodist Theological College, Konkuk University's small urban square park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In general, users appeared to not have satisfaction with such features as fountains / hydroponic facilities, fitness facilities, and square facilities, which should be taken into consideration when pursuing further opening and greening projects. Regarding full satisfaction with the space environment, it was found that users were not satisfied with Seoul Women's College of Nursing's rural district neighborhood-style park, whereas they were satisfied with Methodist Theological College's small urban neighborhood park, Konkuk University's small urban square-style park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In addition, it was shown that facilities use, convenience and privacy of the four parks were largely unsatisfactory for users, and that the small city parks located at roadsides were unsatisfactory regarding noise level, both of which should be most highly considered when conducting similar projects in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.119-127
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• 2003

본 연구는 수원시의 다양한 레크레이션의 수요증대와 지역주민을 위한 운동시설의 부족에 대응하기 위해 지역주민의 근린생활 체육시설을 확충하고, 수원시 연고의 삼성 블루윙즈 프로축구팀의 축구전용구장 및 연습구장 마련 및 2002널 월드컵 축구대회를 유치하고자 조성된 복합 스포츠판지에 대한 기본계획안이다. 개발방향은 1) 21세기의 생활패턴에 맞는 생활체육공간 조성, 2) 국제적 수준의 운동시설 및 인프라구축, 연중이용이 가능한 시민을 위한 커뮤니티 공간조성, 3) 친환경적이고 지속가능한 공간조성, 4) 복합적 토지 이용 개념을 도입하여 토지 활용도 및 재정 수입의 증대, 5) 쾌적한 보행시스템 제공, 6) 도시의 랜드마크로서 주변 도시체계와 연계성 강화, 7) 수원의 역사, 문화적 상징성 제고 등이다. 이를 위해 축구전용구장, 보조경기장, 잔디연습구장, 흙연습구장, 헬리포트장 능 축구전용구장 관련시설, 실내체육관, 실내 아이스링크 등 기타 체육시설, 야외 수영장, 농구장, 테니스장, 게이트볼장, 볼링장, 헬스장 등 생활체육시설, 스포츠용품 몰, 식음시설 등 편익시설, 야외공연장, 어린이정원, 영화관, 축구박물관 등 위락/문화시설, 산책로, 체력단련코스, 전망대 등 휴양시설, 그리고 주차장, 녹도, 녹지 등 기타 부대시설이 도입되었다. 본 연구는 종합체육공간이 단순히 체육시설이 모여 있는 곳이 아니라 시민들이 운동과 더불어 휴식, 등산, 놀이, 자연 학습 등 다양한 여가활동을 할 수 있도록 계획되었다. 상업시설, 커뮤니티 시설 등이 복합적으로 개발되어 있기 때문에 경기가 열릴 때뿐만 아니라 4계절 내내 주중, 주말 및 휴가기 간에 가족과 더불어 휴식을 취할 수 있는 레크레이션 및 커뮤니티 공간으로 중요한 역할을 하도록 계획된 새로운 개념의 체육공간이라는데 의의가 있다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.152-169
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of adjacentroads on the concentration of negative air ions in urban neighborhood park. The measured factors were negative air ion concentration, positive airion concentration, airtemperature,relative humidity, wind speed, green formation volume factor (GVZ) and distance from highway and general road. The mean negative air ion concentration was $206ea/cm^3$ and the positive air ion concentration was $416ea/cm^3$ in the influence zone of roads. On the other hand, the mean negative air ion was $339ea/cm^3$ and the positive air ion was $229ea/cm^3$ in the unaffected zone of roads, which are inner areas of the park. The difference of the negative air ion concentration according to the influence of the road was statistically significant. The negative air ion concentration model was presented by integrating the correlation analysis with the influence factors, and the explanatory power of the model was increased by adding the influence factor of the road.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.11-28
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• 2021

Due to its size and complex characteristics, it is not often to newly create a large park within an existing urban area. Also, there has been a lack of research on the planting design methodologies for a large park. This study aims to elucidate how ecological ideas can be applied to planting practice from a designer's perspective, and eventually suggest a planting design framework in the actual case, the Central Park in the City of Gwangju. This framework consists of spatial structure of planting area in order to connect and unite the separated green patches, to adapt to the changes of existing vegetation patterns, to maintain the visual continuity of landscape, and to organize the whole open space system. The framework can be provided for the spatial planning and planting design phase in which the landscape designer flexibly uses it with the design intentions as well as with an understanding of the physical, social, and aesthetic characteristics of the site. The significance of this approach is, first that it can maintain ecological and visual consistency of the both existing and introduced landscapes as a whole in spite of its intrinsic complexity and largeness, and second that it can help efficiently respond to the unexpected changes in the landscape. In the case study, comprehensive site analysis is conducted before developing the framework. In particular, wetlands and grasslands have been identified as potential wildlife habitat which critically determines the vegetation patterns of the green area. Accordingly, the lists of plant communities are presented along with the planting scheme for their shape, layout, and relations. The model of the plant community is developed responding to the structure of surrounding natural landscape. However, it is not designed to evolve to a specific plant community, but is rather a conceptual model of ecological potentials. Therefore, the application of the model has great flexibility by using other plant communities as an alternative as long as the characteristics of the communities are appropriate to the physical conditions. Even though this research provides valuable implications for landscape planning and design in the similar circumstances, there are several limitations to be overcome in the further research. First, there needs to be more sufficient field surveys on the wildlife habitats, which would help generate a more concrete planting model. Second, a landscape management plan should be included considering the condition of existing forest, in particular the afforested landscapes. Last, there is a lack of quantitative data for the models of some plant communities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.88-103
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• 2019

This paper aims to identify planting design for the renewal of Okgu Park, located in Siheung, Gyeonggi-do. I designate planting concept fit spatial functions and also suggest planting designs that are proper for a growth environment. The spatial functions of the research site are divided on the basis of the park facilities, its surroundings, and usage. To understand the planting concept, this paper looks into the distribution of plant species and the precise planting structure. To understand the planting concept and the current usage of shade space in the park, I examine the distribution of plant species and the precise planting structure. There are 48 kinds of plants, with Zoysia japonica area (28.84%), Prunus yedoensis (8.0%), Pinus thunbergii (6.73%) and Zelkova serrata (6.38%) taking up the majority. 27 places were chosen for researching the precise planting structure. The research shows that the average green coverage ratio is 38.14% and the average green capacity coefficient is $0.72m^3/m^2$. The growth defective rate of trees in the shade areas is estimated by averaging the classified growth conditions of individual trees per block of shade areas. Areas with an inferior environment for growth and low spatial usage in Okgu Park are selected as subjects for planting design. After comparing the spatial functions with planting concepts and analyzing the growth of plants, I identify $36,236m^2$ areas with inferior growth condition. I also examine structures and the surrounding areas to find areas that require urgent planting improvement, specifically identifying landscape space and shade space around the fountain and the buffer space nearby the North gate. I rearrange spatial functions in the selected areas to devise a planting design considering the existing vegetation, layer structure, and its usage. I set the planting concept and direction to improve the landscape of the selected areas through implementing a planting design so the park users can be satisfied with each space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2004

This study aims to examine constraints on visits to urban community parks and to find ways to elevate the efficient use of parks. To achieve this, the study relied on empirical study method and the descriptive method; additionally, present condition survey was performed with a user interview, on the assumption that a park visit is a form of leisure. As a result, the item of 'insufficient lighting facilities' shows the highest mean and the item of 'low quality of park' follows Previous research also revealed that the item of 'the lack of lighting facilities' is a major factor on user dissatisfaction, so a design and management program for night time users are fully researched and elaborately accomplished. Also, the high response of 'low quality of park' shows that the park supply policy in Korea focusses mainly on quantity so far, and it shows that user's dissatisfaction for park facilities becomes one of the major constraints of park visit. The factor analysis, on the object of 35 items except 2 items, appeared 5 factors: accessibility, inner discord, companion, family matters, park-itself-matters. Oneway Anova test showed that 4 factors except 'park-itself-matters' have reliable difference in constraint cognition by age and education. The visit constraint of 'park-itself-matters' did not appear different by any personal characteristics. Without regard to personal characteristics, it is regarded that this factor has the greatest effect upon park visits. In general, people who are disadvantaged strongly cognize constraints even in leisure such as a park visit, which is a simple and inexpensive leisure activity. Therefore, a park like a pocket park, which is small but located in a neighborhood, is more needed than a central park like a symbolic and huge park in every new city. Careful concern for night activity should be accomplished in the planning process.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.333-340
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• 2014

We analyzed pedestrian preference and features of preferential space by MDS (Multi Dimensional Scaling). As the result, features of pedestrian space in dimension 1 could be interpreted as "Segregation of Pedestrian and Vehicle", and features of pedestrian space in dimension 2 could be read like "Natural-City". And as a result of vector analysis about preferential of pedestrian, a pedestrian mall between housing complex, pedestrian space in pocket park, pedestrian space in neighborhood park, and pedestrian space around public facilities was the best preferential space. On the other hand, pedestrians tended to dislike pedestrian space between detached.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

In this research, the connectivity status between natural environment (forests and rivers) and urban parks in view of ecological networks in a city is evaluated and on the basis of these evaluation results, a future connectivity enhancing recommendations are suggested. As a result, the 96.8% of the connectivity role of the neighborhood parks were core or connected parks and as in terms of the ecological pattern on the outer park, 84.1% of the case neighborhood parks were connected to the ecological element at least one side. Therefore, it can be expected to play a role as corridor that enables the direct connection with the natural environment if the connection plan is well established. As a result of connectivity evaluation of the parks, inside of the parks had low ecological element overall and had low connectivity, outside of the parks had 1.5 times more of low connectivity parks than high connectivity parks, and had similar disconnections such as facilities(fence, soundproof walls, breast walls, etc.), developments(roads, apartment complexes, industrial complexes, etc.), or poor greens regardless of the neighborhood with the ecological elements. To increase the connectivity of ecological network, the cities already built shall secure primarily green territory where can connect with the isolated park due to the surrounding with the developing areas and when planning for new cities or residential complexes, it shall establish a connection plan with the nearby at the beginning.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2001

Vegetation maps present an inventory of existing plant communities, their location, extent and geographical distribution in the area concerned. For green space management and environment assessment accurate vegetation maps can be used effectively for analyzing the relationships between vegetation and the physical environment. However, the Current Vegetation Map, Forest Stand Map, and Green Naturality Map in Korea do not represent the status of vegetation community exactly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to produce a detailed vegetation map at urban neighborhood parks in Korea by collecting the exact current vegetation data from field survey, and remote sensing(RS) and storing these data in geographical information systems(GIS). Ultimately it is intended to be used in planning and managing the urban green space. The study area is 66.1ha and it is classified into total 19 communities together with parks, orchards, bare land, grassland, tombs and gardens, etc. There is 53.7ha(81.2%) difference between the detailed vegetation map and the current vegetation map. There is also 46.9ha(70.8%) difference between the detailed vegetation map and forest stand map. After this study, it was concluded that it needs producing the detailed vegetation map used in managing urban green spaces because the existing vegetation map does not represent the status of vegetation in the study site.