• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.466-473
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• 2000

The complex formation constants (${\beta}_{MLn}$) of potassium and various sodium-selective neutral carriers in solvent polymeric membranes have been determined using solvent polymeric membrane-based optodes and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Two different types of PVC-based membranes containing the H^+selective chromoionophore (ETH 5294) with and without a sodium ionophore (4-tert-bntylcalix[4]arenetetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester, ETH 2120, bis[(12-crown-4)methyl] dodecylmethylmalonate or monensin methyl ester) were prepared and their optical responses to either the changes in alkali metal cation (e.g., sodium and potassium) concentrations at a fixed pH (0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.2) or varying pH at a fixed alkali metal cation concentration (0.1 M) were measured. The same type of membranes were also mounted in conventional electrode body and their potentiometric responses to varying pH at a fixed alkali metal cation concentration (0.1 M) were measured. The complex formation constants of the ligand could be calculated from the calibration plots of the relative absorbance vs. the activity ratios of cation and proton ($a_{M^+}/a_{H^+}$) and of the emf vs. pH. It was confirmed that the ratio values of the complex formation constants for the primary and interfering ions are closely related to the experimental selectivity coefficients of ISEs.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.556-566
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• 2002

Gunpo city, a medium sized city formed with a basin is populated with a little more than 270,000 peoples and includes the industrial area with about 600 factories. It has been recognized for a long time that peoples living nearby industrial area have complained on serious air contamination due to the geographical and environmental factors. This study was performed on measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and malodor for the air sampled in various places of Gunpo city, and made comparison with VOCs levels in specific area of Seoul. This work would play important role for the efficient management of air contamination of Gunpo city. Samplings were done in the rooftop of eleven village office buildings including Gunpo station in June 12th, 2001. Analytical results indicate that VOCs levels of Gunpo-1-dong, Gunpo station and Kumjungdong regions neighboring industrial area were much higher than the rest of areas, and this fact shows that the origin for air contamination of Gunpo would be industrial area than car exhaustion gases.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.106-116
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find ecologically stable areas involving the locations in which wildlife exist, and to earmark those places as "ecologically connected areas requiring preferential preservation," and through that, to reduce the perils that may occur due to urban development or road construction. The processes and the results of this study were as follows: 1. Selecting the spots in which wildlife may exist: The total study areas were analyzed by eight ecological indexes and then a total of 500 locations in study areas were selected. 2. Sorting the locations in which mammals exist: We surveyed each one of the 500 locations twice, and then confirmed that we found mammals at 492 of the 500 locations and analyzed 264 locations that the number of existing mammals was above average. 3. Analyzing the 264 locations with two indexes, the number and the frequency of the land use types: 5~7 types of land use were suitable. The types were forest, rice field, farm, river, and meadow, excluding building and road. 4. Selecting the locations that meet the above conditions: We sorted 89 locations and earmarked these points as "ecologically connected areas requiring preferential preservation" in order to expect continued existence of wildlife.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2018

Laguna Lake is the largest inland fresh water body in the Philippines. It primarily serves as a site for aquaculture, hydropower, transportation, and water supply industries. Due to Laguna Lake's diverse functionalities, competition among water users became prominent. Water quality began to deteriorate due to various pollutant contributions in this process, thereby affecting the soundness of the aquatic ecosystem. This study was conducted to evaluate the current water quality management policy from the viewpoint of ecological environment through the evaluation of the water quality of Laguna Lake. Concentrations of water pollutants such as ammonia ($NH_3$), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride ($Cl^-$), pH, and total suspended solids (TSS) exceeded the water quality standards of the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The water quality of the lake was also affected by the pollutant load due to agriculture and urban stormwater runoff in the watershed. The salinity and contaminated water from Pasig River also affected the water quality of Laguna Lake. Long-term water quality analysis showed that the water quality of Laguna Lake is also influenced by rainfall-related seasonal variations. The results of the water quality analysis of Laguna Lake indicated that the environmental management techniques of the Philippines should be changed from the conventional water management into an integrated watershed management scheme in the future. It is therefore necessary to study and introduce advanced watershed management measures in the Philippines based from the policies of other developed countries.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.78-86
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• 2017

Disasters in South Korea are taking on more diverse and intricate aspects than before, while being affected by the industrial development and deterioration of the cities. Therefore, it is urgently needed for success in disaster countermeasures to secure emergency communications operating system which would make it possible to share various information between the control tower and field personnel quickly and accurately. This study proposes a method of improving the national emergency communications operating system based on the Federal disaster management system, emergency communications system, and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) employed in the US, which is the leading country in the field of disaster management. First, the organization of the emergency communications needs to be more systematized than in the past. The organization of the emergency communications of the central and local governments have to be administered according to their different roles and objectives. Furthermore, they must cooperate with each other based on interoperability. Second, emergency communications councils need to be established, composed of representatives related to disasters, and national and regional units need to be formed and operated separately. Third, the SOPs should not only cover both the operational and technical elements, but also assign the roles and responsibilities to the members of the disaster communications system. These improvements will assure the correct functioning of the disaster communications system in the field, which is expected to increase the probability of success in disaster countermeasures.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.103-110
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• 2017

With the common tendency in the accordance with the trend, low-stories built edifices that are Pilotis-oriented structured exponentially and constantly increasing its number of buildings. It inevitably contains its risks of facing conflagrations as most of its part is used as parking lots. In the parking lots, the length of the flame has a heavy-weighted possibility that it would get increased because the heat release rate gets relatively high due to the vehicle insulation. Following on top of that, due to the nature of the Pilotisconsisting of pillars, there is a risk of flame spread to the adjacent building if the same Pilotis-structured buildings are adjacent to each other, if the flame spreads to the surroundings due to the influence of the wind. Because the most of the pilotis-structured-buildings have this entrance that makes the residents be able to enter, if the entrance were plugged the resident get a serious risk of a poisonous gas and a flame. Therefore, if the parking-lots of the pilotis-structured-buildings are adjacent to each other it requires a space to prevent the place from the spread of flame. This research studied how far is appropriate to prevent flame spreading with FDS. As a result, the study found that the distance at least 3.0 m is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate preparation of reconstructed red peppers, effects of pungency and redness of red peppers on the Kimchi quality using central composite design and response surfaces methodology. Capsaicinoids and ASTA (American Spice Trading Association) value put in X$_1$, X$_2$ of independent variable. The result of response surface regression analysis of reconstructed red peppers, correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of overall pungency intensity, persistence and degree of redness was 0.935, 0.935 and 0.821, respectively. After it was made Kimchi samples with reconstructed red peppers, it was examined pH, titratable acidity and lactic acid bacteria of its during fermentation. In the initial fermentation period of Kimchi, it showed pH of 5.46∼5.78, titratable acidity of 0.27∼0.31%, salt content of 2.26∼2.48% and lactic acid bacteria of 4.05${\times}$10$^{5}$ ∼6.23${\times}$10$^{5}$ , respectively. And it showed traditional fermentation pattern in the pH, titratable acidity and microbes of the middle (appropriate fermentation) and last (excessive) fermentation period. While capsaicinoids content in the Kimchi decreased a little according to extend fermentation period, ASTA value showed low correlation reconstructed red pepper and fermentation period. Also, it was analyzed correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of independent variables (capsaicinoids, X$_1$; ASTA value, X$_2$) between sensory attribute in the Kimchi during fermentation. The result of regression analysis, $R^2$ in the overall pungency intensity, persistence and degree of redness showed 0.515, 0.675, 0.784, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2004

Baekdu-daegan is the greatest mountain chain as well as the major ecological axis of the Korean Peninsula. In recent year, however, this area is faced with the various kinds of developmental urge. To cope adequately with these problems, this study was executed to prepare synthetic and systematic management with conservation-oriented strategy for Baekdu-daegan and to suggest spatially definite zoning for the managerial area. This study is to take into consideration the traditional concepts of stream and watershed as well as the actual disturbance on Baekdu-daegan area. The study area is selected with semi-mountainous type, from Namdeokyusan to Sosagogae. To propose the process for reasonably establishing the managerial boundary adjacent to the Ridges, the analysis was carried out that ArcGIS was mainly used for its analysis with digital maps, Landsat TM image and ArcGIS Hydro Model. Landsat TM image was classified by 5 land use types such as cultivated land, urban area, barren area, water body and forest. Based on these analyses results, the managerial boundaries as alternatives from the Ridges were produced by watershed expansion process, and used for tracing the changes of areal ratio of various land use types to the relevant watersheds to search out the adequate managerial boundary. The results show that watershed expansion process could be effective tool for establishing the managerial boundary, and eighth expanded watershed toward Muju-Gun(west) and fifth expanded watershed toward Geochang-Gun(east) might be included for the adequate managerial boundary of the case site.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.265-265
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• 2016

호우가 홍수에 미치는 영향의 분석은 수문현상을 이해하고 수공구조물을 설계하는데 반드시 필요한 절차이다. 호우가 홍수에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해서 독립된 소유역부터 비독립된 대유역까지 홍수량을 계산하고 그 상관성을 이해해야 하지만 상류쪽의 소유역의 경우 관측자료의 부재가 빈번하여 이러한 전반적인 분석이 쉽지 않다. 그리고 소유역과 대유역의 홍수특성을 연관지어 분석하기 위해서는 비교가능한 홍수특성을 추출해야 하며 이러한 일관된 잣대를 사용한 홍수분석은 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 소유역의 자료부재를 보완하기 위해 자료공간확장 방법을 제안하고 이를 통하여 안동댐 유역내 총 50개 지점의 홍수 시계열자료를 생성하였다. 자료공간확장 방법으로써, 안동댐유역의 1989년부터 2009년까지의 자료의 질이 좋은 20개의 사상을 추출하였고 안동댐유역 내에 위치한 안동댐, 도산, 소천의 수위관측지점의 관측유량자료에 대해 분포형 모형인 GRM 모형의 매개변수를 시행착오법으로 동시에 보정하여 한 개셋의 최적 매개변수를 추정하였다. 이때 모의결과를 평가하기 위하여 Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) 계수를 사용하였으며 20갯 사상의 세군데 관측수위지점에 대해서 모의결과가 전반적으로 0.5 NS 계수 이상으로써 만족할 만한 결과를 얻었다. 이 추정된 매개변수는 47개의 추가적인 관심지점의 유출모의에 사용되었으며 이렇게 모의된 유출시계열 자료는 관측시계열 자료로 가정하여 사용하였다. 이렇게 공간확장되어 생성된 시계열 자료는 이동평균방법을 사용하여 홍수강도-지속시간 곡선으로 변환되었고 50개 유역의 평균강우량 시계열 자료 또한 같은 밥법을 사용하여 강우강도-지속시간 곡선으로 변환되었다. 50개 유역의 비교가능한 일관된 홍수특성을 추출하기 위해 비유량법의 유출계수를 계산하였다. 유출계수를 계산하기 위해 유역별 도달시간을 계산하였으며 이 도달시간에 해당하는 강우강도를 추출하였다. 그리고 유역별 첨두 홍수강도를 유역별 도달시간에 해당하는 강우강도로 나눠줌으로써 유역별 유출계수를 계산하였고 이 유출계수를 유역면적에 대해 도시함으로써 그 경향을 조사하였다. 조사 결과 유역면적이 $100km^2$ 이상으로써 상류에서 하류방향으로 유역이 중첩되면서 증가하는 비독립적인 유역들의 경우 유역면적이 증가함에 따라 유출계수가 작아지거나 커지는 어떠한 경향을 보였다. 하지만 유역면적이 $100km^2$ 이하로써 독립적인 소유역의 경우 유역면적이 증가함에 따라 유출계수는 무작위로 분포되었다. 이것은 비독립적인 유역의 경우에는 호우가 홍수에 어떠한 일관된 영향을 미치나 각각 독립된 소유역의 경우에는 일관된 영향을 미치지 않음으로써 지역화방법에 의한 독립된 인근 미계측유역의 유출추정은 그 신뢰성이 높지 않다는 것을 의미한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

Korean government is enforcing 'Greenhouse gas target management' in order to achieve Greenhouse gas reduction target. To attain Greenhouse gas reduction target, companies in Korea must establish their GHG inventory system and analysis their GHG emissions characteristics for deduction of mitigation measures. LMDI(Log Mean Divisia Index) decomposition analysis is widely used to understand characteristics of GHG emission and energy consumption. In this paper, the characteristics of GHG emission from the line of railroad in Korea is respectively analyzed in terms of conversion effect, intensity effect, production effect and distance effect. Data of railroad GHG emission from 2000 to 2007 are used. As a result, total effect of railroad's GHG emission is $96,813tCO_2eq$. Production effect ($39,865tCO_2eq$) and distance effect ($327,923tCO_2eq$) affect increase of railroad GHG emissions while Conversion effect ($-158,161tCO_2eq$) and intensity effect ($-112,814tCO_2eq$) influence decrease of the emissions.