• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.47-59
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze geomorphologically Jaein Falls in Hantangang Lava Plateau for the landform structure, landform classification, falls dissection and recession. The height and recession length of the Falls are approximately 18m and 340m. after dissection valley arrive at area of the Jijangbong Volcanic Rock Complex of Mesozoic era, the fall will disappear. The structure of the dissection valley shows totally well vertical columnar joint near falls and plunge pool, colluvial talus deposits toward lower reach by the freezing-thawing and wet-dry activities, and alluvial cone and delta in estuary to Hantangang River. The Falls' age date and recession rate in the valley maybe relate to the age of the lava plateau. The estimated recession rate of the fall should be 8.75m/ka to 2.3m/ka, depending on the age 500ka to 40ka in lava plateau.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.789-796
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• 2015

The first phase of architecture design is the field survey of the site and its surroundings. To gather the information there are two methods :the traditional method of an onsite survey, and recently using 3D geometry data and high quality image mapping from online services such as Google Earth. However, the urban condition is fast changing, and information from online services may lack sufficient information. This paper presents the to fast and effective site survey method for urban site using an affordable and fully automated UAV for the architectural design field.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2021

This study tried to reveal incision rate and its change by formation of lava plateau in the Cheorwon-Jeongok area. Incision rates of 0.421 m/ka and 0.101 m/ka in the upper and lower reaches of Hantan-gang, respectively, were calculated from sites before formation of lava plateau. These incision rates indicate that the upper and lower reaches of Hantan-gang have much higher and slightly lower incision rates than streams with similar distances from the Taebaek Mountains. However, sites after formation of lava plateau mostly showed incision rates ranging from 0.5 m/ka to 0.9 m/ka. Streams flowed on the lava plateau revealed 2-3 times higher incision rates than unrelated-streams or paleo-streams to formation of lava plateau did. These results suggest that incision rate in the study area was greatly influenced by formation of lava plateau and resultant geomorphic avulsion with rearrangements of stream.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.427-448
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• 2019

This study reconstructed the paleoenvironments and paleogeography of the Taebaeksan Basin, through a review of the previous researches on sedimentology, paleontology and stratigraphy. This study also carried out a sequence stratigraphic analysis on regional tectonism and sea-level fluctuations on the basin during the Early Paleozoic. The basin broadly occur in the Taebaek, Yeongweol-Jecheon, Jeongseon-Pyeongchang, and Mungyeong areas, Gangwon province, South Korea. The basin-fills are composed mainly of mixed carbonates and siliciclastics, divided into the Taebaek, Yeongweol, Yongtan, Pyeongchang and Mungyeong groups according to lithologies and stratigraphic characteristics. Recently, there are a lot of studies on the provenance and depositional ages of the siliciclastic sequences of the basin. The detrital sediments of the basin would be derived from two separated provenances of the core-Gondwana and Sino-Korean cratons. In the Early Cambrian, the Taebaek and Jeongseon-Pyeongchang platforms have most likely received detrital sediments from the provenance of the Sino-Korean craton. On the other hand, the detrital sediments of the Yeongweol-Jecheon platform was probably sourced by those of the core-Gondwana craton. This separation of provenance can be interpreted as the result of the paleogeographic and paleotopographic separation of the Yeongweol-Jecheon platform from the Taebaek and Jeongseon-Pyeongchang platforms. The analyses on detrital zircons additionally reveal that the separation of provenance was ceased by the eustatic rise of sea-level during the Middle Cambrian, and the detrital sediments of the Taebaeksan Basin were entirely supplied from those of the core-Gondwana craton. During that period, sediment supply from the Sino-Korean craton would be restricted due to inundation of the provenance area of the craton. On the other hand, the Jeongseon-Pyeongchang platform sequences show the unconformable relationship between the Early Cambrian siliciclastic and the Early Ordovician carbonate strata. It is indicative of presence of regional uplift movements around the platform which would be to the extent offset of the effects of the Middle to Late Cambrian eustatic sealevel rise. These movements expanded and were reinforced across the basin in the latest Cambrian and earliest Ordovician. After the earliest Ordovician, the basin was tectonically stabilized, and the shallow marine carbonate environments were developed on the whole-platform by the Early Ordovician global eustatic sea-level rise, forming very thick carbonate strata in the basin. In the Late Ordovician, the Early Paleozoic sedimentation on the basin was terminated by the large-scale tectonic uplift across the Sino-Korean platform including the Taebaeksan Basin.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.138-163
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• 2021

The Buyeo Wangheungsa Temple was excavated 15 times by the Buyeo National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage by 2015. In doing this, it was confirmed that the attached buildings were placed in the east and west along with the central Sangharama building. Various building sites were established in the western section of the temple, and various buildings were placed inside, and this pattern was estimated in the eastern section. In this article, the structure and function of the attached buildings of the Wangheungsa Temple were focused on the planar structure and excavated artifacts. The most distinctive feature of the attached buildings of the Wangheungsa Temple is their construction alongside the central Sangharama building. It is different from the building to the Neungsan-ri Temple, which was expanded gradually. The attached buildings in the east and west of the lecture hall are presumed to be living space for monks who used solitary rooms, and the attached buildings in the east and west of the main hall were a combination of public work space used for things such as administration, ceremonies, and reception. Next, looking at the outer space of the central Sangharama, the western section was likely constructed at the same time as the central Sangharama. However, if you look at the building site inside the western section, the function has been changed in two stages. The first stage was a ritual space, and it is evident that the western section has a separate entrance and sidewalk and that the workshop was used as a monastery space in the second stage. Finally, there is a distinct possibility that the eastern part of the complex was an important section. Although this space is presumed to be composed of triple towers and halls, it must be have been approached in various ways and included structures related to the operation of temples, such as the monastery space. From this point on, the overall appearance of Baekje temples can be recovered through access to temple structures in a wide variety of ways, including studies of the attached buildings.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.465-476
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• 2012

The Anatolia peninsula consists of several continental fragments that include the Pontide Block in north and the Anatolide-Touride Block in south as well as the Arabian Platform in southeast. These continental blocks were joined together into a single landmass in the late Tertiary. During most of the Phanerozoic these continental blocks were separated by paleo-oceans, such as Paleo-Tethys and Neo-Tethys. The Pontide Block in north show Laurasian affinities, and was only slightly affected by the Alpide orogeny; they preserve evidence for the Variscan and Cimmeride orogenies. The Pontic Block is composed of the Strandja, Istanbul and Sakarya zones that were amalgamated into a single terrane by the mid Cretaceous times. The Anatolide-Tauride Block in south shows Gondwana affinities but was separated from Gondwana in the Triassic and formed an extensive carbonate platform during the Mesozoic. The Anatolide-Tauride Block was intensely deformed and partly metamorphosed during the Alpide orogeny; this leads to the subdivision of the Anatolide-Tauride Block into several zones on the basis of the type and age of metamorphism and deformation. The Arabian Platform in southeast forms the northernmost extension of the Arabian Plate that shows a stratigraphy similar to the Anatolide-Tauride Block with a clastic-carbonate dominated Palaeozoic and a carbonate dominated Mesozoic succession. A new tectonic era started in Anatolia Peninsula in the Oligocene-Miocene after the final amalgamation of these continental blocks and plate. This neotectonic phase is characterized by extension, and strike-slip faulting, continental sedimentation, and widespread calcalkaline magmatism, which played a very important role in producing beautiful landscapes of the Anatolia Peninsula today.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 2007

In Sagye coast of Andeok-myeon, southwestern Jeju, shore platform of noncohesive Hamori Formation, marine terrace deposit of round gravels, coastal dune composed of shell sand and volcanic sand, and back lake are linked closely with each other. In this paper, the formation process of Sagye coastal geomorphic system analysed by using OSL dating method is as follows: Firstly, Hamori Formation is a horizontal stratum filed up of tuff reworked by submarine volcanic eruption during 3$\sim$7.6 ka BP. Hollow at the boundary between Hamori Formation' flat and Kwangheak Basalt's gentle slope become a back lake when block is appeared over the sea level by uplift. Secondly, while Hamori Formation was laid below sea level, gravels which had been broken and abraded at southwestern rocky coast composed of Kwangheak basalt or been transported through the small stream from adjacent hillslope were deposited in rapid flow environment. Thirdly, deposition of round gravels was ceased by earth uplift, and shore platform was constructed by abrasion process of energy of swash moving forward. As altitude of shore platform is equal to high tidal level of spring tide, compared it with present high tidal level of study area, earth is uplifted about 105m since shore platform was formed. Fourthly, much sandy sediments transported from offshore bottom covered shore platforms and marine terrace deposits. Lighter sediments among sandy sediments was blown to back, formed secondary sand dune since about 500 year.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.86-91
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• 2016

To solve the problem of the excessive error caused by using a single value for the shielding effect of the neutral line of an electric power distribution line in the calculation of the voltage it induces in a telecommunication line, the general expression that was previously developed to reflect the mechanism of voltage induction by a distribution line with multiple grounds is employed in this paper to represent the relationship between the leakage current rates at each ground pole. In this way, the formula for calculating the shielding effect of the neutral line can be factorized against the unbalanced current flowing in the neutral line, which is the root current of induction. This shielding coefficient of the neutral line is not constant, but can vary when a range of induced voltages is generated in the whole power distribution line. The calculation method developed herein reduces the error rate to one tenth of that of the existing calculation result in the case of overestimation and increases it by 14% in the case of underestimation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 1991

There are several tuff cones and tuff rings, now only apparent on the western shoreline in Cheju Island. The observation of their landform, bedform, particle size and sorting reveals that these deposits are mainly emplaced by base surges and/or slurries originating from Surtseyan eruption which is attributed to explosive hydrovolcanism influenced by interaction of magma with external water. These are subdivided into two groups based on the plateau basalt. It is recognized that the distal limb of early tuff cones and ring at Dangsanbong, Dansan, Sanbangsan and Hwasun (lower group) are overlain by plateau basalt, on which later tuff rigns at Suwolbong and Songaksan(upper group) further extend the distal limb from each vent. The tuff cones and tuff rings are closely associated with the evidences which shelly fragments are comprised within them, and reworked tuffs, raised beach deposits, Sinyangri formation and littoral cones are deposited around them. The evidences suggest that the Surtseyan eruption resulted from direct or indirect interaction of magma with sea water.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.295-299
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• 2012

We performed in vitro assay and field trials to assess levels of changes in intrinsic properties and resistance against soft rot of the potato cv. Dejima upon the introduction of a soybean calmodulin 4 gene (SCaM4). Field trials with four lines overexpressing SCaM4 gene were conducted over two seasons, and harvested tubers were evaluated in bioassay for resistance to Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum. The SCaM4 transgenic potato lines inoculated with $10^8$ CFU/ml of P. carotovorum ssp. carotovorum showed enhanced resistance compared to control. Among the SCaM4 transgenic lines, the transgenic line SCaM4-4 exhibited the highest tolerance to soft rot in vitro assays, so did in field trials. In the field trial, the soft rot resistance of SCaM4-4 line was more than 5 times higher compared to that of control cultivar, Dejima. The major agronomic characteristics of the SCaM4 transgenic lines were not different from those of the nontransgenic 'Dejima'. The result demonstrated that the transformation of a calmodulin 4 gene was a successful strategy in development of potato cultivar enhanced to soft rot.