• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

A gregarious pupal endoparasitoid Tetrastichsus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was reared in vitro from oviposition to adult emergence on an artificial host. The host pupal case was made using 0.02 mm-thick polypropylene film, and was filled with a diet consisting of powders of Antheraea pernyi pupa, chicken yolk, infant formula, royal jelly, and Neisenheimer's salt solution. Female parasitoids reared in the artificial host produced smaller sized progeny than those reared in in vivo, but the adults reproduced fertile offsprings. Furthermore in vitro second-generation (G$_2$) females showed more improved biological characteristics, compared with their parents. The fecundity (mean no. adult progeny), oviposition period (days), and longevity (days) of G$_2$ female were evaluated as 45.7, 7.8, and 13.8, respectively Female biased sex ratio was obtained with 76.9% female progeny. The results demonstrated that Tetrastichus sp. is a promising parasitoid for in vitro mass production.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2000

The green lacewing, Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), was reared on artificial diets supplementedwith natural products such as lyophilized beef liver, silk worm pupae powder and drone honey beepowder. The performance of the green lacewing was improved siginificantly on only the diet to whichadded 1 % of silk worm pupae powder (wt/v). Larval developement was completed in 15.6 f 0.99 days,cocoon weight was 16.4f2.94 mg, and suvival to adult was 89.3% at 27$^{\circ}$C. And another diet made bymixing 4 part of lyophilized beef liver powder, 4 part of lyophilized beef powder, 3 part of lyophilizedchicken egg, 4 part of sucrose, and 50 mg each of vitamin C and Vanderzant's vitamin B mixture waspromising. Larval development of the green lacewing on this diet was completed in 12.7 f 1.45 days at27"C, pupal weight was 18.1 f 2.24mg, suvival to adult was loo%, and 633f70.4 eggs were laid in 20days after beginning of oviposition.ginning of oviposition.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.395-406
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to develop an artificial diet and a mass rearing system, which is essentIal in the pheromone research for Ostrmia furnacalis. Component deletion and addit.ion methods were applied t.o define the nut.ritional Importance of some components, especially yeast, Wesson's salt mixture and vitamin complex. Secondly we have developed a proper rearmg syst.em for O. furnacalis. and also tried to find out the factors affecting rapid sclerotization (dark-canning) of pupae. AddItion of yeast raIsed the pupal weight. and pupation rate. However Wesson's salt mixture got the female pupae lighter. Vitamin complex as a substitue for yeast showed a good survivahty in an early larval stage buL pupal weight was lower than that of the individuals reared on the yeast dIet. Also corrugated cardboard was found to be very good for pupation. And the rate of dark~tannmg in pupae was higher as the period of larval development was shorter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.62-62
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• 2003

최근 연안 자원이 급격하게 감소하고 있고 새로운 양식 대상종으로 평가되고 있는 말쥐치의 대량 종묘생산을 위해서는 수정난 대량확보와 자어기 먹이생물 구명 등의 문제점이 해결되어야 한다. 본 연구자들은 우선 호르몬 처리에 의한 산란유도, 조기성숙유도에 의한 조기산란유도 및 수정난 확보방법을 개발하고, 위내용물 분석을 통한 자어의 초기먹이생물을 구명하고자 하였다. 산란유도를 위하여 hCG, LHRH-a 및 hCG+LHRH-a를 다양한 농도로 처리하여 실험한 결과 모든 실험구에서 67~76%의 수정률을 나타내었으나, 대량의 성숙란을 얻지는 못하였다. 따라서 본 종의 산란특성이 다회성인 점을 감안한다면 500 g 전후의 친어 200~300마리를 1개의 수조에 수용하여 자연산란된 수정란을 수거하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단되었다. 평균 450 g 정도의 말쥐치 친어를 12월부터 6개월동안 천천히 수온을 상승시켜 자연산란을 유도한 결과, 자연산란기 (6월)보다 2개월 빠른 4월 15일(17$^{\circ}C$로 가온한 지 15일)에 첫 산란이 이루어졌고 1개월간 지속되었다. 초기 사육환경을 구명하기 위한 실험에서는 일반적으로 해산어 종묘 생산에 이용하는 클로렐라＋rotifer 실험군이 클로렐라 단독, 규조류 단독, 규조＋rotifer, 녹조＋copepods등이 번식된 환경보다 생존율에 있어 월등히 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 위 내용물 분석에 의한 사육기간 중 섭식한 주요 먹이생물종은 부화 후 5일부터 20일째까지는 rotifer egg, 부화 10일째는 rotifer egg와 small rotifer, 부화 20일째는 rotifer, Artemia sp., copepods, 부화 25일째부터는 copepods였다. 초기성장은 부화직후 전장 1.95 mm였던 것이 10일째는 2.96 mm, 20일째는 3.89 mm, 30일째는 12.9 mm, 50일째는 35.1 mm를 나타내었다. 그러나 말쥐치 자ㆍ치어가 성장함에 따라 발생하는 지속적인 폐사와 종묘의 수송시 발생하는 폐사를 줄일 수 있는 방법이 추후에 해결되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2016

Tenebrio molitor larvae contain large amounts of proteins, lipids and other functional materials, enabling this insect to be used as an edible food source in animal feeds and for industrialization. Although many efforts have been made to set up mass rearing systems, few studies have been conducted to establish optimal rearing conditions for the production of high quality T. molitor larvae. Herein we investigated 1) the effects of additional diets on the survival and fecundity of the insect, 2) the relationship between oviposition period and the uniformity of larval size, 3) the effects of rearing density and temperature on insect development, and 4) the storage stability of eggs and pupae at low temperatures given possible temporary production discontinuation. The addition of carrot and zucchini to the traditional wheat bran diet significantly increased the survival and fecundity rate of adult T. molitor. Of the three different oviposition sampling periods (3, 7, and 14 days) used to investigate the uniformity of the hatched larvae in each treatment, the period of 3 and 7 days provided higher uniformity than the 14 days oviposition period. Larval development was faster at $30^{\circ}C$ than at 20, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$. Interestingly, oviposition rates were highest at $20^{\circ}C$ but showed much slower larval development and lower uniformity at $30^{\circ}C$. Regarding the effect of larval rearing densities (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 larvae per 90 mm diam. dish), larval weight was significantly reduced at higher rearing densities, but larval longevity and length were not influenced by rearing density. The 30 larvae/dish is suggested to be a reasonable density to be applied to mass production systems. When kept at $4^{\circ}C$, T. molitor eggs showed a significant reduction in hatching rate; however, when stored under the same conditions, pupae emergence rates remained high until 10 weeks, suggesting that storage at low temperatures is more suitable for the pupal stage than the egg stage. Our findings suggest that an increase in T. molitor adult survival and fecundity rates and a uniformity of hatched larval development can be achieved with the following recommendations: a combination diet (including wheat bran), a 7-day oviposition period; a larvae-rearing temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, a rearing density of 30 larvae/dish, and the storage of pupal stages at low temperatures in the case of rearing discontinuation. This study serves as a strong foundation for the successful mass production of high quality T. molitor larvae.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.475-480
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• 2021

Interest in edible insects such as Protaetia brevitarsis has increased rapidly, and several insect producers use these insects in industrialized mass production. However, mass rearing of insects can cause insect diseases. Sprouted barley is a valuable source of nutrients and has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sprouted barley as a feed additive for producing healthy P. brevitarsis larvae. P. brevitarsis larvae were fed feeds with or without sprouted barley, and their body weight and larval period wewe checked weekly. To confirm the antibacterial effects of sprouted barley, in vitro bioassays were performed by counting Serratia marcescens colonies, and in vivo bioassays were performed by determining the survival rate and body weights of the S. marcescens-infected larvae. Larvae fed different feeds were analyzed for their nutrient compositions (i.e., such as proximate composition, minerals, amino acids, and heavy metals). Larvae fed 5% and 10% sprouted barley had maximum weight increases of 19.2% and 23.1%, respectively. Both treatment groups had significantly shorter larval periods than those of the control group. Sprouted barley markedly inhibited the growth of entomopathogenic S. marcescens. Furthermore, larvae fed sprouted barley exhibited higher Cu, Zn, and K levels. Seventeen amino acids were present in larvae fed sprouted barley, of which, tyrosine and glutamic acid were predominant. No heavy metals were detected in any of the investigated groups. Therefore, sprouted barley may be a suitable feed additive for producing high-quality P. brevitarsis larvae.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2018

Recently, interest and necessity for the insect industry has been increasing. Insects, which are referred to as the second food, are being used in various fields. Interest in mass production of insects has been increasing in various fields, and the need for research on environmental analysis for them is also increasing. In some countries in other developed countries, automated breeding systems have been developed that incorporate IoT. However, it is limited to be applied to many kinds of insects, and the price is so expensive that it has not been utilized in farm households. Therefore, we have carried out a study to make an optimal system that can be used practically in a farmhouse. Protaetia brevitarsis used for medicinal and edible purposes. It automatically checks the moisture of sawdust medium, which has the greatest influence on the environment of the slugs, which is the third larva of the grasshopper, and informs the result through the LED. It is applied to the environment to create an optimal breeding environment. I want to make it.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.37 no.10 s.432
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• pp.77-79
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• 2005

최근 우리나라도 전업축산농가의 양계사육 규모가 확대되면서 이에 수반되는 양계장 주변의 악취, 수질 오염 등의 환경문제가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 축산경영의 건전한 발전을 위해서도 이 문제의 해결은 시급한 과제이며 특히 경영주의 환경의식과 의지가 문제해결의 시발점임을 인식해야 한다. 물론 양계장에서 환경친화적으로 계분을 처리한다는 것은 그리 용이한 일은 아니다. 특히 산란계 사육농가의 계분은 끈적끈적한 오물감과 냄새로 취급하기가 쉽지 않다. 그 원인은 수분 함유량이 높고 역분해성 유기물(분해 용이한 유기물)이 부패되면서 악취와 해충을 발생시키기 때문이다. 현재 계분처리방법은 여러 가지가 있으나 첫째, 지구환경에 친화적인 처리방법으로는 유기성 폐기물인 계분의 재활용에 있다고 생각한다. 현재와 같이 지구환경의 밸런스가 망가지는 상황은 사람들이 다량의 소비만 일삼고 환경 리싸이클에 관심이 덜한데 있다고 본다. 자원 순환형 사회에서 계분의 퇴비화로 가축분뇨를 유통 · 활용하는 일은 유기성 자원의 리사이클에 공헌하는 의미가 크다고 본다. 또한 우리나라의 축산업이 환경 보전형 농업을 실현하는데 보탬이 되는 양질의 퇴비를 대량 생산하여 경작농가에 공급, 유기질 농산물 생산에 많이 기여하길 바란다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2004

This study was carried out to review the distributional data of Dorcus hopei in Korea and to investigate ecological characteristics to develop a mass rearing technique of the species. The coupling period of the male and female was needed at least 2 weeks in condition of 6 months after emergence, and the optimal sex ratio for oviposition was 2♀：1♂. Eggs were laid singly, up to 27.3 per female. The pre-ovipostion period was average 147.3 days, egg-period was 15.6 days on the average, and oviposition period was at least 120 days. The optimum size of oviposition room was 55${\times}$40${\times}$35 cm with 3-4 oviposition-trees cut in size of 15${\times}$15 cm. Quercus acutissima was highly preferred for the oviposition. Developing period of each instar in the insectary (25$^{\circ}C$, 75％ R.H.. 16L：8D) was 24.1 days for the 1st instar,29.8 days for the 2nd, and 131.2 days for the 3rd instar, and 28.9 days for the pupa. The longevity of adults was longer than 35 months. The period of induced dormancy was needed at least 3-4 months.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Mass production method on artificial seedling production of hard clam Meretrix petechialis was developed indoor culture system. Spawning of adult clam (SL $65.8{\pm}8.4mm$) was induced using the combined method of air exposure and water temperature raising. The fertilized eggs were developed to D-shaped larvae after 17.7 hours at $27^{\circ}C$ and hatching rate was 6.1%. Shell length (SL) of D-shaped larvae was measured to be $131.4{\pm}2.6{\mu}m$ and thereafter the larvae grew to the settled spats with SL $190.2{\pm}7.5{\mu}m$ in 4 days. Estimated survival rate of settled spats was 48.1%. Spat collection on 130,000 spats with SL $0.19{\pm}0.01mm$ performed conducted by sand bottom circulation filtering method. Collected spats grew up to $3.1{\pm}0.8mm$ in 46 days, $6.6{\pm}1.8mm$ in 87 days, and $10.5{\pm}0.9mm$ in 114 days. The relative growth between SL and shell height (SH) was calculated to be SH = 0.8501SL + 0.0196 ($R^2=0.9987$) during the whole spat period. During spats rearing, they were suffered from one time of mass mortality at SL 3.1 mm, but 51,000 spats were finally survived with the rate of 39.2% at 114 days of spat rearing in indoor tank system.