• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.473-490
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• 2007

Strata of the Kachi-1 well, Kunsan Basin, offshore western Korea, were analyzed by using integrated stratigraphy approach. As a result, five distinct unconformity-bounded units are recognized in the well: Triassic, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Middle Miocene units. Each unit represents a tectono-stratigraphic unit that provides time-sliced information on basin-forming tectonics, sedimentation, and basin-modifying tectonics of the Kunsan Basin. In the late Late Jurassic, development of second- or third-order wrench faults along the Tan-Lu fault system probably initiated a series of small-scale strike-slip extensional basins. Continued sinistral movement of these wrench faults until the Late Cretaceous caused a mega-shear in the basin, forming a large-scale pull-apart basin. However, in the Early Tertiary, the Indian Plate began to collide with the Eurasian Plate, forming a mega-suture zone. This orogenic event, namely the Himalayan Orogeny, continued by late Eocene and was probably responsible for initiation of right-lateral motion of the Tan-Lu fault system. The right-lateral strike-slip movement of the Tan-Lu fault caused the tectonic inversion of the Kunsan Basin. Thus, the late Eocene to Oligocene was the main period of severe tectonic modification of the basin. After the Oligocene, the Kunsan Basin has maintained thermal subsidence up to the present with short periods of marine transgressions extending into the land part of the present basin.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.233-248
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• 2018

Strata of the Central sub-basin in the Gunsan Basin, offshore, western Korea were analyzed by using integrated stratigraphy approach. As a result, five distinct unconformity-bounded units are recognized in the basin: Sequence I (Cretaceous or older(?)), Sequence II (Late Cretaceous), Sequence III (late Late Cretaceous or younger(?)), Sequence IV (Early Miocene or older(?)), Sequence V (Middle Miocene). Since the late Late Jurassic, along the Tan-Lu fault system wrench faults were developed and caused a series of small-scale strike-slip extensional basins. The sinistral movement of wrench faults continued until the Late Cretaceous forming a large-scale pull-apart basin. However, in the Early Tertiary, the orogenic event, called the Himalayan Orogeny, caused basin to be modified. From Late Eocene to Early Miocene, tectonic inversion accompanied by NW strike folds occurred in the East China. Therefore, the late Eocene to Oligocene was the main period of severe tectonic modification of the basin and Oligocene formation is hiatus. The rate of tectonic movements in Gunsan Basin slowed considerably. In that case, thermal subsidence up to the present has maintained with marine transgressions, which enable this area to change into the land part of the present basin.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.215-226
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• 2000

In order to map the acoustic basement and to locate fracture zones in the Galgok fault, seismic refraction data were acquired near the Chonbuk ranch in Gyeongju. Along three profiles of 72m(Line 1), 72m(Line 2), and 36m(Line 3) long, seismic signals were generated by a 5kg hammer. The refraction data were collected by employing twelve 8 Hz geophones at an interval of 3m and recording time of 192ms at a sampling rate of 0.2ms. The data are interpreted using GRM method. The top layer (Layer 1) is characterized as the velocity of approximately250 m/s and thickness of approximately 2.1m. This layer is regarded as a soil layer. Underneath Layer 1 lies unconsolidated layer (Layer 2) whose refraction velocity is determined to be $1,030{\sim}1,400m/s$. Layer 2 is approximately 4.6m thick and is regarded as a Quaternary gravel layer. The third layer (Layer 3) has the mean refraction velocity of $2,100{\sim}2,200m/s$ and is interpreted to be the acoustic basement. In some parts of Lines 1 and 3, the difference in depth to the top of Layer 2 is greater than 20 cm indicating the possibility of existence of Quaternary faults. Along Line 3 and the eastern part of Line 1, refracted energy from the acoustic basement was not recorded. This may highly indicate that a relatively large scale fault exists under the western part of Line 1.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.271-283
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• 2021

The Imjingang Belt in the middle-western Korean Peninsula has tectonically been correlated with the Permo-Triassic Qinling-Dabie-Sulu collisional belt between the North and South China cratons in terms of collisional tectonics. Within the belt, crustal-scale extensional ductile shear zones that were interpreted to be formed during collapsing stage with thrusts and folds were reported as evidence of collisional events by previous studies. In this study, we tried to understand the nature of deformation along the southern boundary of the belt in the Munsan area based on the interpretations of recently conducted structural analyses. To figure out the realistic geometry of the study area, the down-plunge projection was carried out based on the geometric relationships between structural elements from the detailed field investigation. We also conducted kinematic interpretations based on the observed shear sense indicators from the outcrops and the oriented thin-sections made from the mylonite samples. The prominent structures of the Munsan area are the regional-scale ENE-WSW striking thrust and the N-S trending map-scale folds, both in its hanging wall and footwall areas. Shear sense indicators suggest both eastward and westward vergence, showing opposite directions on each limb of the map-scale folds in the Munsan area. In addition, observed deformed microstructures from the biotite gneiss and the metasyenite of the Munsan area suggest that their deformation conditions are corresponding to the typical mid-crustal plastic deformation of the quartzofeldspathic metamorphic rocks. These microstructural results combined with the macro-scale structural interpretations suggest that the shear zones preserved in the Munsan area is mostly related to the development of the N-S trending map-scale folds that might be formed by flexural folding rather than the previously reported E-W trending crustal-scale extensional ductile shear zone by Permo-Triassic collision. These detailed examinations of the structures preserved in the Imjingang Belt can further contribute to solving the tectonic enigma of the Korean collisional orogen.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.541-554
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• 2019

The Taebaeksan Zone of the Okcheon Belt is a prominent fold-thrust belt, preserving evidence for overlapped polyphase and diachronous orogenic events during crustal evolution of the Korean Peninsula. The Pyeongchang-Jeongseon area of the northwestern Taebaeksan Zone is fault-bounded on the western Jucheon and southern Yeongwol areas, showing lateral variations in stratigraphy and structural geometries. For better understanding these geological characteristics of the northwestern Taebaeksan Zone, we have studied the structural geometry of the Pyeongchang-Jeongseon area. For this, we have firstly carried out the SHRIMP U-Pb age analysis of the age-unknown sedimentary rock to clarify stratigraphy for structural interpretation. The results show the late Carboniferous to middle Permian dates, indicating that it is correlated to the Upper Paleozoic Pyeongan Supergroup. In addition to this, we interpreted the geometric relationships between structural elements from the detailed field investigation of the study area. The major structure of the northwestern Taebaeksan Zone is the regional-scale Jeongseon Great syncline, having NE-trending hinge with second-order folds such as the Jidongri and Imhari anticlines and the Nambyeongsan syncline. Based on the stereographic and down-plunge projections of the structureal elements, the structural geometry of the Jeongseon Great syncline can be interpreted as a synformal culmination, plunging slightly to the south at its southern area, and north at the northern area. The different map patterns of the northern and southern parts of the study area should be resulted in different erosion levels caused by the plunging hinges. Considering the Jeongseon Great syncline is the major structure that constrains the distribution of the Paleozoic strata of the Pyeongchang and Jeongseon areas, the symmetric repetition of the lower Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup in both limbs should be re-examined by structural mapping of the Hangmae and Hoedongri formations in the Pyeongchang and Jeongseon areas.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.98-98
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• 2010

그라우팅은 지반의 공학적인 강도증가를 통한 지지력 향상 및 암반의 투수성 저감을 통해 지하수 유동을 억제하기 위하여 대규모 토목공사 현장의 균열암반 및 댐 또는 제방 등의 지역에서 많이 시행되고 있다. 본 연구는 균열암반지역에서 그라우팅 효과 확인을 위하여 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트(OPC)와 마이크로 시멘트(MC)를 사용하여 그라우팅을 수행하였으며, 그라우팅 전후에 물리검층(시추공영상촬영, 초음파 텔레뷰어검층)을 이용하여 그라우팅 효과 정도를 파악하였다. 연구지역은 경상북도 영주시 평은면 지역으로, 지질은 선캠브리아기 안구상편마암에 시대미상의 흑운모 화강암이 관입을 하였고, 이를 제4기의 충적층이 부정합으로 피복되어 있다. 그라우팅은 일반구간과 단층대구간으로 구분하여 실시하였으며, 두 구간의 이격거리는 서로의 간섭을 피하기 위해 약 40m 간격으로 선정하였다. 주입재(OPC, MC)는 5개의 주입공에서 triangle 방향으로 주입하였으며, 주입정도를 확인하기 위하여 각 구간에 2공씩 확인시추를 하였다. 두 개의 site중 일반구간의 보통 포틀랜드시멘트 주입결과 평균주입량은 48.2kg/공이며 주입 1m당으로 환산하면 Lugeon값 10미만의 지층에서는 1.62kg/m이며, 마이크로시멘트의 평균주입량은 49.6kg/공이며 주입 1m당으로 환산하면 Lugeon값 10미만의 지층에서는 3.86kg/m로 나타났다. 단층대 구간에서는 보통 포틀랜드시멘트의 평균주입량이 40.0kg/공이며, 1m당으로 환산하면 Lugeon값 10미만의 지층에서는 2.75kg/m이며, 마이크로 시멘트는 평균주입량이 56.5kg/공, 주입 1m당으로 환산하면 Lugeon값 10미만의 지층에서는 3.15kg/m로 나타났다. 마이크로시멘트의 주입압은 보통 포틀랜드시멘트에 비해 상대적으로 낮았으며, 그라우팅 개선효과 역시 상대적으로 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 그라우팅 효과확인을 위한 물리검층의 초음파텔레뷰어 해석결과 상대암반강도는 주입전 $250{\sim}750\;kgf/cm^2$, 주입후는 $400{\sim}800\;kgf/cm^2$으로 그라우팅에 의한 암반강도의 상승을 확인할 수 있었고, 시추공영상촬영 분석에서는 시추코어만으로 얻기 힘든 시멘트 충진구간을 직접 확인할 수 있었다. 초음파텔레뷰어의 경우 파쇄대의 분포 및 암반강도 측정을 통한 그라우팅 파악은 가능하였으나 파쇄대 충진물을 확인할 수가 없는 단점이 있었고 이를 시추공영상촬영을 통해 보완할 수 있었다. 다만 물리검층의 경우 그라우팅에 의한 공의 손실로 동일공에 의한 반복 조사가 아닌 경우가 대부분이어서 그라우팅 효과에 대한 정확한 비교가 어려웠으며 추후 이를 보완하기 위한 계속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-38
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• 2022

Recently, tunnel technology in Korea has shown various achievements such as long tunnel and large section by tunnel construction using TBM in Korea and abroad. Especially subsea tunnels are frequently designed and constructed. The Ga-deok subsea tunnel was completed in December 2010, and the Incheon North Port Tunnel was opened and operated in 2017, and the Bo-ryeong subsea tunnel between Dae-cheon Port and Won-san Island will be completed in 2021. In foreign countries, many subsea tunnels have been constructed and operated in such as Norway and Japan. The main technical problem in the construction of subsea tunnel is to secure stability due to high water pressure conditions and large-scale seawater inflow in fault zones and weak zones. In this paper, various risk factors and solutions are described in the subsea tunnel planning of national road 77 construction work between Abhae and Hwawon.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.432-440
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• 2005

Baehuryeong tunnel connects Chuncheon with Hwacheon in Kangwon, Korea, This tunnel is a single tunnel with 5,057 m long and two bidirectional lanes which will be extended into low lanes in the future. The estimated construction period of Baehuryeong tunnel is approximately 55 months. This tunnel will become the longest bidirectional roadway tunnel in Korea. Compared to a twin tunnel, a bidirectional single tunnel has two major disadvantages with regard to the ventilation system and ease of escape during fire. For these reasons, a service tunnel and the transverse ventilation system are planned first time in Korea. In case of fire, the tunnel ventilation design aims to maintain a smoke free layer for passenger evacuation. The geology of Baehuryeong tunnel site is mainly composed of gneiss and granite. Baehuryeong fault is a mainly large scale fault which stands vertical and parallels with tunnel direction. The influenced zone of this fault is within 70 m. Baehuryeong tunnel was designed that it was separated with the distance of more than 100 m from Baehuryeong fault for its safety.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.243-255
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• 2010

The slope design of an open-pit mine must consider economical efficiency and stability. Thus, the overall slope angle is the principal factor because of limited support or reinforcement options available in such a setting. In this study, slope displacement, as monitored by a GPS system, was analyzed for a coal mine at Pasir, Indonesia. Predictions of failure time by inverse velocity analysis showed good agreement with field observations. Therefore, the failure time of an unstable slope can be roughly estimated prior to failure. A GIS model that combines fuzzy theory and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was developed to assess slope instability in open-pit coal mines. This model simultaneously considers seven factors that influence the instability of open-pit slopes (i.e., overall slope gradient, slope height, surface flows, excavation plan, tension cracks, faults, and water body). Application of the proposed method to an open-pit coal mine revealed an enhanced prediction accuracy of failure time and failure site compared with existing methods.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.534-543
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• 2012

The relationship between tectonic uplift and geophysical analysis of gravity anomalies and the in-situ stress fields in the Otway Ranges, SE Australia is addressed in this study to understand the nature and possible mechanism for the neotectonic movements. The uplift axis of the ranges is coincident with the regional Bouguer gravity highs whereas thick Tertiary sedimentary successions are highly correlated with the gravity lows along the basin rift geometry. This result suggests that the gravity highs are separated by the thick Tertiary sedimentary successions. Regional structural trends associated with faults and foldings of the deformed surfaces are consistent with the prevailing NW-SE $S_{Hmax}$ trend in this part of the continent. The anomalously positive correlation between topography and Bouguer gravity fields suggests possibly a lithospheric flexural deformation mode at a long wavelength (order of $10^2$ kms) in the region. It also suggests that the reactivation of pre-existing lithospheric structures driven by plate boundary forces plays a key role in this mode.