• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.334-339
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• 2022

This study suggests the prediction algorithm for transverse permeability, represented the flow resistance during the manufacturing process of composite, of unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced plastics. The cross-sectional shape of representative volume element (RVE) is considered to reflect fiber arrangement. The equivalent length is used as a factor to express the change of resin flow according to fiber arrangement. The permeability prediction algorithm is created by grafting the Electro-Hydraulic analogy and validity is confirmed. The code for permeability prediction was composed by means of MATLAB and Python, flow analysis was performed by using FLUENT. The algorithm was verified as the permeability results obtained through Algorithm and numerical analysis were almost identical to each other, and the calculation time was reduced around 1/450 compared to the numerical analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.279-283
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• 2018

하천의 조도계수는 흐름에 대한 하도의 저항 정도를 표시하는 지표로서, 하천의 다양한 수리 계산을 실시할 때 가장 중요한 기본 자료 중 하나이다. 이러한 조도계수는 하도의 형상, 하상 재료, 유량의 크기 등에 의해 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 하천의 유량 규모에 따른 조도계수의 변화 정도를 수리 실험과 수치 모의를 통해 간접적으로 검토하였다. 유량 조건별 수리 실험은 한국건설기술연구원의 하천실험센터 내 직선 수로에서 수행하였고, 수치 모의는 HEC-RAS를 이용하였다. 유량 조건은 하천실험센터의 펌프 가동의 정도를 고려하여 5개로 구분하였고, 각각의 유량 조건에 대하여 유량을 실측하였다. 실측에 따른 유량의 규모는 $0.23{\sim}1.91m^3/s$로 나타났다. 각각의 유량 조건에 대하여 수치 모의의 검증을 위해 6개 지점에서 수위표와 초음파 수위계를 이용하여 수위를 계측하였고, 이 가운데 최하류 지점의 수위는 HEC-RAS 모형의 하류단 경계조건으로 이용하였다. 실험 하도 구간의 총 연장은 372 m 이고, 횡단구조물이 없는 지점을 제외하면 대부분 20 m 간격으로 총 21개의 하천 단면을 입력하여 HEC-RAS를 구성하였다. 각각의 유량 조건에 대한 수치 모의 모형은 5개 수위 계측 지점의 수위 오차가 최소화되도록 조도계수를 변화시켜 보정되었다. 그 결과, 각각의 유량 조건에 대한 수치 모의 결과의 평균 오차는 0.01~0.02 m로 계산치와 관측치가 매우 근사하였다. 결정된 조도계수는 0.041~0.075의 범위를 가지는 것으로 분석되었고, 유량의 증가에 따라 큰 폭으로 감소하다가 특정한 값에 수렴하는 것으로 검토되었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.2868-2875
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• 2015

Both the friction velocity and the friction coefficient have to be estimated to determine flow characteristic in an open channel. In spite of the importances in an open channel, the complete interpretation is highly difficult because of free water surface, the complex of cross section and the various hydraulic parameters. The researches related to the friction factor are based on empirical outcome. Therefore, the equations are difficult to be generally applied. For that reason, the new friction factor estimation equation using the entropy concept was proposed in the present study, and the data measured in rectangular and trapezoid cross sections was used to verify the accuracy of equation. The advantage of the proposed equation dose not use the energy slope term which is difficult to be measured and to be estimated in an open channel. In addition, the proposed method showed that the accurate friction factor f can be estimated on the Basis of theoretical background.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2017

This paper presents a beam element capable of conducting material and geometric nonlinear analysis for applications requiring the ultimate behavioral analysis of structures with composite cross-sections. The element formulation is based on co-rotational kinematics to simulate geometrically nonlinear behaviors, and it uses the fiber section method to calculate the stiffness and internal forces of the element. The proposed element was implemented using an in-house numerical program in which an arc-length method was adopted to trace severe nonlinear responses(such as snap-through or snapback), as well as ductile behavior after the peak load. To verify the proposed method of element formulation and the accuracy of the program that was used to employ the element, several numerical studies were conducted and the results from these numerical models were compared with those of three-dimensional continuum models and previous studies, to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the element. Additionally, by evaluating an example case of a frame structure with a composite member, the effects of differences between composite material properties such as the elastic modulus ratio and strength ratio were analyzed. It was found that increasing the elastic modulus of the external layer of a composite cross-section caused quasi-brittle behavior, while similar responses of the composite structure to those of homogeneous and linear materials were shown to increase the yield strength of the external layer.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.325-325
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• 2011

자연과 함께하는 하천복원 기술개발(Ecoriver21) 연구단에서 진행 중인 홍수터 수목관리 기술 개발 과제에서는 국내하천 흐름저항 산정기법을 개발하기 위해 2006년부터 2009년까지 총 27개 시험하천의 실측자료를 이용한 조도계수를 산정하였다. 2010년에는 18개 시험하천을 추가로 운영하여 최종적으로 총 45개 하천의 조도계수를 산정하고자 한다. 조도계수 계산에 필요한 자료는 모두 현장에서 직접 측정하였으며 이를 위해 넓은 범위의 수위자료를 획득할 수 있는 홍수기 이전에 수위계를 설치하였고, 유량 측정, 하천 단면 측량, 하상재료 입경분석 등을 통하여 유량 변화에 따른 조도계수 분석, 하상재료 크기별 조도계수 변화 분석, 조도계수 경년변화 분석 등의 연구를 진행하였다. 분석 결과 대부분의 하천은 유량이 증가함에 따라 조도계수가 감소하는 경향을 보였고 특정한 유량 범위에서 수렴하였다. 유량에 따른 조도계수 변화 폭은 하상재료의 입경 크기가 클수록 심하였다. 산지 거석하천인 내린천 왕성동 지점의 경우 0이 287.8 mm로 조사 지점 중 하상재료의 크기와 유량에 따른 조도계수 변화 폭, 수렴되는 조도계수 값이 가장 컸다. 하상재료 입경 크기 $D_{50}$을 기준으로 2 mm이하인 모래하천의 경우에는 유량이 증가함에 따라 조도계수가 감소하다가 고유량에서 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 조도계수 경년변화를 분석한 평창강 방림 지점과 만경강 고산 지점의 결과는 비교적 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 한강 본류의 배수영향을 받는 옥동천 옥동, 법천천 법천 지점의 경우 배수 상황 발생 시 다른 지점과 달리 상당히 복잡한 양상을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 지금까지 진행된 국내하천의 조도계수 분석 자료를 종합하여 조도계수 자료집을 발간할 계획이며, 조도계수 자료집에는 각 지점의 수위 및 유량 실측자료, 하상재료 입경 크기, 지점 특성, 사진 자료 등이 포함될 예정이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.737-749
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• 2007

Flexural design of double composite box girder over the interior pier for three-span continuous bridge was performed by the LRFD method. The maximum span length of the continuous bridge ranged from 80m to 120m and the relative ratio of the span length was assumed to be 1:1.25:1. The girder section was designed for the strength limit state and service limit state with additional design check for constructibility. Before the bottom concrete and compression flange showed a complete composite action, the buckling of lower compression flange was checked. The flexural stiffness and flexural resistance characteristics for the section and for the constituent members such as tension flange, compression flange, and web were analyzed for different thicknesses of the bottom concrete on top of the compression flange. The effect of the distribution ratio of steel between the top and bottom flanges was investigated by analyzing ductility behavior and stress distribution through the girder's depth for several different relative area ratios of steel between the top and bottom flanges. It was found that a total amount of 15% of steel can be saved by applying the double composite system compared with that of the conventional composite system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.11
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• pp.105-117
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• 1972

This experiment has been made to study the relationship between several characters affecting the field lodging and to establish some useful standards for selection of lodging resistant varieties and to classify the degree of lodging resistance in wheat and barley varieties of different sources. The experiment was carried at the Crop Experiment Station, Suwon in 1968. The results obtained are summarized as followings. a. The lodging index modified with bending moment of culm at breaking seemed to be the most useful character in checking the lodging resistance. Highly significant positive correlation (Barley; r=0.40-0.67, Wheat; r=0.46-0.68) was obtained between the lodging index and actual field lodging. b. Between two essential components expressing bending stiffness of the culm, the bending moment at breaking and secondary moment of inertia, a highly significant positive correlation (Barley; r=0.59, wheat; r=0.46-0.53) was observed. c. The bending stiffness of culm got stronger as the dry weight per unit culm, which express the quantity of accumulated dry matters in culm, increased. The correlation coefficient between those two factors was 0.35 to 0.40 in barley and 0.33 to 0.76 in wheat respectively. d. In both wheat and barley, highly significant negative correlation between lodging index and the other factors such as dry weight per unit culm (Barley; r=-0. 51 to -0.70, Wheat; r=-0.65 to -0.83) and bending moment of culm at breaking (Barley; r=-0.29 to -0.69, Wheat: r=-0.54 to -0.89) were observed. Particulary, weight of culm at breaking, secondary moment of inertia and section modulus showed significant negative correlation with lodging index in wheat. e. Outside diameter of culm expressed more intimate relationship with physical characteristics of culm than inside diameter and also showed highly significant correlation with weight of culm at breaking (Barley; r=0.42-0.56, Wheat; r=0.39-0.44) and with bending moment of culm at breaking (Barley; r=0.40-0.41, Wheat; r=0.38-0.49) and with secondary moment of inertia (Barley; r=0.56-0.57, Wheat; r=0.28-0.98) and with section modulus (Wheat; r=0.22-0.96). Between the thickness of culm and physical characteristics of culm also showed the positive correlation. f. There was positive correlation between the culm length and actual field lodging in several groups of variety among the varieties tested. But the culm length seemed to undesirable as a selection measure for the selection of the lodging resistant variety considering the stiffness of culm. g. In classification of lodging resistance for the varieties tested, many Korean barley varieties expressed excellent lodging resistant than wheat, but most of the wheat and barley varieties from Japan considered quite resistant to lodging. h. In selection of lodging resistant varieties, lodging index lower than 1.67 in barley and 1. 76 in wheat considered highly resistant to actual field lodging.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.1113-1117
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• 2005

보 상류의 유속 및 수심과 같은 흐름 조건은 보, 하천 형상, 그리고 하류 흐름 특성에 의해 좌우된다. 본 연구에서는 하류 조건에 따라 보 상류의 흐름 특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 구형단면의 수로에 하천설계지침(2002)에 따라 보를 제작하여 설치하였으며 보에서의 임계수심 및 이에 따른 유량의 변화를 파악하였으며 실험결과를 기존 문헌과 비교$\cdot$분석하였다. 또한 자유 월류로 빠른 유속을 지닌 흐름이 수로의 마찰저항과 하류 배수효과에 의해 에너지 소멸로 나타나는 도수현상을 관측하여 발생특성을 파악하였다. 도수의 발생조건은 Posey와 Hsing(1938)에 제시한 결과와 유사한 결과를 보였으며 하류영향에 따른 도수 발생 위치는 하류단 수위와 일정한 관계를 갖고 있으나 유량과는 선형적인 관계를 보이지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 임계수심 설정에 대해 Knap(1960)이 제시한 산정식과 비교한 결과 유량이 작은 경우 거의 일치하는 결과를 보였으나 유량이 증가할수록 오차가 커졌다. 임계수심 전$\cdot$후의 유량계수를 살펴본 결과 하류 조건에 의해 임계수심을 넘으면 유량계수가 자유 월류 시보다 약 $2\%\~6.5\%의 감소를 나타냈으며 공급유량이 $0.05m^3/s$ 일 경우 유량계수의 차이가 가장 큰 것을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

The processing paper has devoted to the theory of the flow equations, the basic derivative procedure, the meaning of a valve flow coefficient $C_v$, the valve Reynolds R$R_{ev}$ and its application for liquid control valves, which applicable under the condition of a non-critical flow and the case of piping geometry factor $F_p$=1.0. However there is no information on the effects of fittings, a critical flow and the flow resistance coefficient of a valve equivalent to that of pipe which is conveniently used in the piping design. Since the piping systems of plants or ships generally contain various fittings such as expanders and reducers due to different size between pipes and valves and there may occur a critical flow, that a mass flowrate is maintained to be constant, due to the pressure drop in a piping when a liquid is initially maintainder ar a saturated temperature or at nearby corresponding to upstream pressure, system designer should have a knowledge of the effect to flow due to fittings and the critical flow phenomenon of a liquid. This study is performed to inform system designers with the critical flow phenomenon of a liquid, a valve resistance coefficient, a valve geometry factor and their applications.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.643-653
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• 2007

The ultimate bending strength and flexural ductility performance of longitudinally stiffened plate girders fabricated with mild steel were investigated utilizing nonlinear incremental finite element analysis. AASHTO LRFD (2002) design specifications were reviewed for possible application of longitudinally stiffened plate girders as compact sections. In order to investigate compact section requirements for plate girders with longitudinal stiffeners in webs, a number of full-scale plate girders were modeled and analyzed up to the collapse under pure bending condition. It was found that the slenderness of sub panel of the webs, the stiffness of longitudinal stiffeners, and the slenderness of compression flanges are key parameters governing the flexural ductility of the plate girders. It was also found from finite element analysis that longitudinally stiffened plate girder sections can satisfy compact section requirements both in full plastic moment capacity and flexural ductility requirement. New design equations have been proposed for longitudinally stiffened plate girders to be treated as compact sections.