• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1778-1783
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• 2011

Hematopoietic cytokines regulate production of blood cells by stimulating proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells. Among these hematopoietic cytokines, called hematopoitic growth factors, glranulocyte-colony stimulating Factor (G-CSF), which regulates growth of neutrophils, is one of important therapeutic factors because cancer patients suffer with neutropenia which is severe reduction of neutrophils after chemotherapy. Two groups of recombinant G-CSF have approved and used for therapeutic purposes and many researches are still on-going to produce recombinant G-CSF by different techniques. We engineered human G-CSF with Bombyx specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence, therefore, secretion of human G-CSF protein was improved in Bombyx mori-origined cell line, Bm5. The Bombyx ER signal sequence and human G-CSF matured protein region chimera was further remodeled at the N-terminus of matured G-CSF protein to understand roles of N-terminus on outer cellular secretion and/or production. Three different mutants were generated deleting three amino acids in non alpha-helical region in N-terminus in order to scan important amino acids for G-CSF secretion. One of 3 different N-terminal deletion mutants showed dramatically reduction of secreted amount of G-CSF indicating its important role on secretion. The data suggest that remodeling in non alpha-helical region of N-terminus is also important for recombinant G-CSF production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.596-603
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• 2003

Cells respond to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by increasing transcription of genes encoding molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. The information is transmitted from the ER lumen to the nucleus by intracellular signaling pathway, called the unfolded protein response (UPR). To obtain genes related to UPR from B. mori, the cDNA library was constructed with mRNA isolated from Bm5 cell lines in which N-glycosylation was inhibited by tunicamycin treatment. From the cDNA library, we selected 40 clones that differentially expressed when cells were treated with tunicamycin. Among these clones, we have isolated ATFC gene showing similarity with Hac1p, encoding a bZIP transcription factor of 5. cerevisiae. Basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) domain in amino acid sequences of ATFC shared homology with yeast Hac1p. Also, ATFC is up-regulated by accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER through the treatment of ER stress drugs. Therefore we suggest that ATFC represents a major component of the putative transcription factor responsible for the UPR leading to the induction of ER-localized stress proteins.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2003

This study is to investigate consequent nutrient intake status, Influences of body mass index (BMI) and serum lipid composition, and fat distribution on the cocoon hydrolysate, green tea leaves and dietary fiber supplementation. During 2 months of this research (April to May, 2002), 47 women aged 20 yr-30 yr (average age 26.2 yr) were selected as subjects. Nutrient intake was investigated by questionnaire and 24-hr recall method. Antropometric assessments of the subjects were investigated by SBIA method (Segmental bioimpedance assay, Inbody 3.0). The results were as follows: mean body weight was 60.7 kg, mean body height 161.7 cm and mean BMI 23.4. Status of energy intakes significantly decreased (p<0.01) and dietary fiber intakes significantly increased (p<0.001) after supplementation. BMI and WHR (waist-hip ratio) significantly decreased (p<0.01) and body fat significantly decreased after supplementation (p<0.001). Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased after supplementation (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol was negatively correlated with BMI and WHR (p<0.01). LDL/HDL ratio was positively correlated with BMI (p<0.01) and WHR (p<0.05). Above results of this study show that low-molecule peptide, green tea leaves and dietary fiber supplementation-added routine diet improves lessening body fat distribution, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. Especially, decrease of abdominal fat and WHR were notable. That meant decrease of risk factors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2020

In order to create the national food nutrient database, a total of 41 animal foods (ham, seafood, edible insects and eggs) were analyzed for their vitamin B₁₂ content and the applied immunoaffinity-HPLC was verified. Ham vitamin B₁₂ contents were 0.30-0.65 ㎍/100 g. Seafood showed relatively high vitamin B₁₂ level, where the values of fermented clam were the highest (26.80 ㎍/100 g) followed by fermented pollack roe. Vitamin B₁₂ was not detected in silkworm pupae and beetles, while relatively high levels were found in the two-spotted cricket imago (6.70 ㎍/100 g). Chicken and quail egg yolk had roughly 100- and 30-times higher vitamin B₁₂ levels as compared to their egg white. Vitamin B₁₂ contents in quail and chicken eggs were significantly enhanced by boiling (p<0.05). Results based on accuracy (97-102% recovery) and precision (<5% RSD) indicate that this study provides reliable vitamin B₁₂ information on animal foods consumed in Korea.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-34
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• 1974

These experiments pertain to various factors influencing the quantitative characters of cocoon crops in summer and early autumn seasons. Initially, in order to establish the possible ways of the silkworm rearing more than three times a year in Korea, the author attempted to get further information about the various factors affecting the cocoon crop in every silkworm rearing season. The trials were conducted eleven times a year at four places for three years. The field trial was conducted with 19 typical sericultural farmers who had been surveyed. At the same time the author statistically analyzed the various factors in close relation to tile cocoon crop in autumn season. The effect of guidance on 40 sericultural farmers was analyzed, comparing higher level farmers with lower level farmers ; and the author surveyed 758 non-guided farmers near the guided farmers during both spring and autumn seasons. In addition, another trial on the seasonal change of leaf quality was attempted with artificial diets prepared with leaves grown in each season. It was found that related factors to cocoon crops in summer and early autumn seasons appeared to be leaf quality, and temperature for young and grown larvae. A 2$^4$ factorial experiment was designed in summer season, and another design with one more level of varied temperature or hard leaf added to a 24 factorial experiment was conducted in early autumn. The experimental results can be summarized： 1. Study on the cocoon crops in the different rearing seasons 1) It was shown that earlier brushing of silkworm generally produced the most abundant cocoon crop in spring season, and earlier or later than the conventional brushing season, especially earlier brushing was unfavorable for the abundant cocoon crop in autumn season. 2) The cocoon crop was affected by the rearing season, and decreases in order of sire with spring, autumn, late autumn, summer and early autumn seasons. 3) It was Proved that ordinary rearing and branch rearing were possibles 4 times a year ; in the 1st, 3rd, 8th, and 10th brushing season. But the 11th brushing season was more favorable for the most abundant cocoon crop of branch rearing, instead of the 10th brushing season with ordinary rearing. 2. Study on the main factors affecting the cocoon crop in autumn season 1) Accumulated pathogens were a lethal factor leading to a bad cocoon crop through neglect of disinfection of rearing room and instruments. 2) Additional factors leading to a poor cocoon crop were unfavorable for rearing temperature and humidity, dense population, poor choice of moderately ripened leaf, and poor feeding techniques. However, it seemed that there was no relationship between the cocoon crop and management of farm. 3) The percentage of cocoon shell seemed to be mostly affected by leaf quality, and secondarily affected by the accumulation of pathogens. 3. Study on the effect of guidance on rearing techniques 1) The guided farms produced an average yearly yield of 29.0kg of cocoons, which varied from 32.3kg to 25.817g of cocoon yield per box in spring versus autumn, respectively. Those figures indicated an annual average increase of 26% of cocoon yield over yields of non-guided farmers. An increase of 20% of cocoon yield in spring and 35% of cocoon yield in autumn were responsible. 2) On guided farms 77.1 and 83.7% of total cocoon yields in the spring and autumn seasons, respectively, exceeded 3rd grade. This amounted to increases of 14.1 and 11.3% in cocoon yield and quality over those of non-guided farms. 3) The average annual cocoon yield on guided farms was 28.9kg per box, based on a range of 31.2kg to 26.9kg per box in spring and autumn seasons, respectively. This represented an 8% increase in cocoon yield on farms one year after guidance, as opposed to non-guided farms. This yield increase was due to 3 and 16% cocoon yield increases in spring and autumn crops. 4) Guidance had no effect on higher level farms, but was responsible for 19% of the increases in production on lower level farms. 4. Study on the seasonal change of leaf quality 1) In tests with grown larvae, leaves of tile spring crop incorporated in artificial diets produced the best cocoon crop; followed by leaves of the late autumn, summer, autumn, and early autumn crops. 2) The cocoon crop for young larvae as well as for grown larvae varied with the season of leaf used. 5. Study on factors affecting the cocoon crops in summer and early autumn A. Early autumn season 1) Survival rate and cocoon yield were significantly decreased at high rearing temperatures for young larvae 2) Survival rate, cocoon yield, and cocoon quality were adversely affected by high rearing temperatures for grown larvae. Therefore increases of cocoon quantity and improvement of cocoon quality are dependent on maintaining optimum temperatures. 3) Decreases in individual cocoon weight and longer larval periods resulted with feeding of soft leaf and hard leaf to young larvae, but the survival rate, cocoon yield and weight of cocoon shell were not influenced. 4) Cocoon yield and cocoon quality were influenced by feeding of hard leaf to grown larvae, but survival rate was not influenced by the feeding of soft leaf and hard leaf. 5) When grown larvae were inevitably raised at varied temperatures, application of varied temperature in the raising of both young and grown larvae was desirable. Further research concerning this matter must be considered. B. Summer season 1) Cocoon yield and single cocoon weight were decreased at high temperatures for young larvae and survival rate was also affected. 2) Cocoon yield, survival rate. and cocoon quality were considerably decreased at high rearing temperatures for grown larval stages.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 1979

Diallel crosses among six silkworm varieties were used as the materials. by the randomized block design, and diallel cross analyse were conducted to determine the relationships between parents and their F$_1$hybrids. The six parents and their 30 F$_1$crosses were evaluated for five quantitative characters in each female and male silkworms. All methods utilized were similar in detecting lines giving unexpected performance in the F$_1$generation. Mean values of total cocoon weight and weight of cocoon layer of female silkworms were more than those of male silkworms, but mean values of cocoon layer ratio of female silkworms were less than those of male silkworms in both parents and 30 F$_1$hybrids. Over dominance was exhibited by total cocoon weight and weight of cocoon layer, and partial dominance was exhibited by periods (days) of larval stage, periods (days) of 5th instar and cocoon layer ratio (weight of cocoon layer/total cocoon weight). Furthermore, it was recognized that varieties F (Yunil) and E (Kyung-choo) were recommendable varieties as the parents in breeding of silkworms for increasing the total cocoon weight and weight of cocoon layer, etc.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

Nutritional compositions of three Tochukaso species (Paecilomyces tenuipes hosted by Larva and pupa, Cordyceps militaris, C. sinensis) were compared. Fruiting body and host fractions were separately analyzed. Fruiting body fraction of P. tenuipes (36.6%) hosted by larva was higher than that hosted by pupa (10.2%), an indication that the quality of the former is superior to the latter. Carbohydrate content of C. sinensis (39.6%) was $2.5{\sim}7$ times higher than those of others, probably due to the presence of polysaccharides. Protein and crude lipid contents of C. sinensis and C. militaris were 25.8 and 10.3%, and 75.1 and 3.9%, respectively. C. sinensis showed the lowest Ca content and $30{\sim}75$ times higher Fe content among the samples tested. Vitamin A content of C. militaris was 308.9 IU/100g, two fold higher than those of the other species. Saturated fatty acid content was the highest in P. tenuipes (pupa, 27.7%), whereas unsaturated fatty acid was the highest in P. tenuipes (larva, 83.3%). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine were abundant in all species. Cordycepin content of C. militaris was $20{\sim}50$ times higher than those of the other species.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2004

Long term preservation experiment through refrigeration was conducted for 2 year on 300 lines of silkworm races preserved, as one method for the development of long term safe preservation technique. Experiment with 6 treatments was conducted for 680 days from July 1 st 2000 to May 1st 2002. Embryonic development was conducted to each treatment. There are no differences among treatments and races in 400 days preservation, the stage of whole embryonic development was Eul B and condition of eggs was good. In 650 days preservation experiment, differences were reveled among races and treatment, the level of whole embryonic development was Byeong A and condition of eggs was good. The order of embryonic development is European races >Tropical, Korean races >Japanese, Chinese races, thus European races showed fast embryonic development. Control(treatment A) and treatment C showed faster development than other treatments. And treatment D and F showed stable individual stage among all treatments. The test of shape characteristics and embryo which were conducted in hatching period showed 61% of high line succession possibility in average of 6 treatments. But treatment A and B showed no hatching, 3 lines of treatment C, 48 lines of treatment D, 1 line of treatment E, and 29 lines of treatment F showed slow development. And treatments D and F which showed stable embryo condition had highest possibility. The two treatments D and F showed good result among six treatments, and the preservation period of treatment D and F are 235 days and 310 days, and exposure period in $-2.5^{\circ}C$...was longer than other treatments. Numbers of hatched lines of treatment D and F are 48 and 29, and occupied 15.6% and 9.4% of all tested lines, respectively. Average hatching ratio of treatment D and F were 54.% and 71.6%, and average dead egg ratio were 12.6% and 2.4%, respectively. These results show that average ratio of hatching dead eggs in treatment D and F are higher than general line. Thus reconsideration of hatching condition on treatment D and F is needed.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 1972

Studies on Pathogenicity of Nosema bombycis Naegeli are summarized as follows: 1. The mortality of the parents, Jam 103 and Jam 104, is remarkbly higher than that of the hybrid, Jam 103$\times$Jam 104, whereas there is no difference in the mortality between the parents. 3. In the mortality of the pathogen-concentration, it is increased in order of the following concentrations inoculated, 10$^{8}$ , 10$^{7}$ , 10$^{8}$ and 10$^{5}$ /ml. 3. In the mortality of each instar, it is high in order of 5th, 4th, 3rd, and 2nd instar. 4. In the interaction between the mortalities of the varieties and the concentrations, 1) The mortality shows no differences between the parents and the hybrid in the high concentration of 10$^{8}$ /ml. 2) The mortality of the hybrid is lower than that of the parents in the low concentration of 10$^{5}$ /ml, whereas no difference is found between the parents. 3) The interaction appears at the same level in the middle concentration of 10$^{6}$ /ml to the parents and of 10$^{7}$ /ml to the hybrid. 5. It was pointed out that active immunity depends upon the volume of antigen injection, immunizing period, and injection intervals. In this experiment, it is noticed that the optimum volume of injection is above 20ml and D is the best one of the four treatment (A.B.C.D.). 6. The immune sera indicate such a 12,800 high titer in the indirect method can be obtained from the D immunizing method. Silkworm tissues and N. bombycis spores show self-fluorescence, but it is able to distinguish it from the F.I.T.C. by using the U.V. filter. 7. The midgut epithelium is examined to be the first site of the tissues which are penetrated into and multiplied by the inoculation of the pathogen per os.