• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.348-355
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• 1995

This Investigation was carried out to map the morphological development of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the larval brain of the cabbage butterfly, Artogeia rapae, during five larval stages. Both the first instar larva and the second instar larva contained twenty serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HTi) neurons in each brain. The fibres of 5-HTI commissure was interconnected to two cerebral hemispheres in both brains. However, the 5-HTi commissural fibres was Increased in number in the second-instar larva brain. In the brain of the second Insar larva these 5-HTi fibres formed rich arborization in contralateral neuropils, especially In the posterior parts of it. The third-Instar larva braIn, which Included twenty two 5-HTi neurons, had three groups of 5-HTi commissural fibres. In the fourth Instar larva, the number of 5-HTi fibres as well as 5-HTi cell bodies increased in the brain. The fifth-instar larva brain, which contained fifty four 5-HTi cell bodies, showed the largest number of 5-HTi cell bodies In developing larval brains. The 5-HTi fibres formed richest commissural fibres and some of them run parallel to anteroposterior axis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2004

Purpose: Population based structural and functional maps of the brain provide effective tools for the analysis and interpretation of complex and individually variable brain data. Brain MRI and PET standard templates and statistical probabilistic maps based on image data of Korean normal volunteers have been developed and probabilistic maps based on cytoarchitectonic data have been introduced. A quantification method using these data was developed for the objective assessment of regional intensity in the brain images. Materials and Methods: Age, gender and ethnic specific anatomical and functional brain templates based on MR and PET images of Korean normal volunteers were developed. Korean structural probabilistic maps for 89 brain regions and cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps for 13 Brodmann areas were transformed onto the standard templates. Brain FDG PET and SPGR MR images of normal volunteers were spatially normalized onto the template of each modality and gender. Regional uptake of radiotracers in PET and gray matter concentration in MR images were then quantified by averaging (or summing) regional intensities weighted using the probabilistic maps of brain regions. Regionally specific effects of aging on glucose metabolism in cingulate cortex were also examined. Results: Quantification program could generate quantification results for single spatially normalized images per 20 seconds. Glucose metabolism change in cingulate gyrus was regionally specific: ratios of glucose metabolism in the rostral anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate and the caudal anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate were significantly decreased as the age increased. 'Rostral anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 3.1% per decade of age ($P<10^{-11}$, r=0.81) and 'caudal anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 1.7% ($P<10^{-8}$, r=0.72). Conclusion: Ethnic specific standard templates and probabilistic maps and quantification program developed in this study will be useful for the analysis of brain image of Korean people since the difference in shape of the hemispheres and the sulcal pattern of brain relative to age, gender, races, and diseases cannot be fully overcome by the nonlinear spatial normalization techniques.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.461-469
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• 2009

To predict the tumor grading, various imaging modalities have been applied clinically. This study determines clinical usefulness of perfusion MRI, using relative cerebral blood volume in grading of the gliomas. We did a retrospective review of 17 patients (mean age, 57.5 years; 11 male, 6 female) who underwent perfusion MR and conventional MRI, and then correlated pathologically after operation. Statistical analysis of regional cerebral blood volume and relative cerebral blood volume(rCBV) was performed by using softwares such as PAT by SIEMENS and Xmap ver 2.0 developed by ourselves. Six patients out of 13 were low-grade gliomas while eleven patients were the high-grade gliomas. Mean relative CBV (m_rCBV/white matter) in the low-grade gliomas was 1.62, and mean relative CBV(m_rCBV/cortex) was 0.12. In the high-grade gliomas, mean relative CBV(m_rCBV/white matter) and mean relative CBV(m_rCBV/cortex) were 33.53 and 0.96. Mean relative CBV of gliomas were elevated with a statistical difference(P<.05), compared with contralateral white matter(P=.019) or cortex(P=.025). Furthermore mean relative CBV(m_rCBV/white matter) was much higher than mean relative CBV(m_rCBV/cortex). Perfusion MRI using regional cerebral blood volume and rCBV is very useful imaging modality for grading the glioma.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.232-243
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• 2002

Purpose: We studied whether brain perfusion SPECT is useful in the psychiatric disability evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and Methods: Sixty-nine patients (M:F=58:11, age $39{\pm}14$ years) who underwent Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT, brain MRI and neuropsychological (NP) tests during hospitalization in psychiatric wards for the psychiatric disability evaluation were included; the severity of injury was mild in 31, moderate in 17 and severe in 21. SPECT, MRI, NP tests were peformed $6{\sim}61$ months (mean 23 months) post-injury. Diagnostic accuracy of SPECT and MRI to show hypoperfusion or abnormal signal intensity in patients with cognitive impairment represented by NP test results were compared. Results: Forty-two patients were considered to have cognitive impairment on NP tests and 27 not. Brain SPECT showed 71% sensitivity and 85% specificity, while brain MRI showed 62% sensitivity and 93% specificity (p>0.05, McNemar test). SPECT found more cortical lesions and MRI was superior in detecting white matter lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of 31 mild TBI patients were 45%, 90% for SPECT and 27%, 100% for MRI (p>0.05, McNemar test). Among 41 patients with normal brain MRI, SPECT showed 63% sensitivity (50% for mild TBI) and 88% specificity (85% for malingerers). Conclusion: Brain SPECT has a supplementary role to neuropsychological tests in the psychiatric disability evaluation of chronic TBI patients by detecting more cortical lesions than MRI.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2018

Objectives: Synchronous electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to explore sleep stage dependent functional brain networks. Despite a growing number of sleep studies using EEG-fMRI, few studies have conducted network analysis on whole night sleep due to difficulty in data acquisition, artifacts, and sleep management within the MRI scanner. Methods: In order to perform network analysis for whole night sleep, we proposed experimental procedures and data processing techniques for EEG-fMRI. We acquired 6-7 hours of EEG-fMRI data per participant and conducted signal processing to reduce artifacts in both EEG and fMRI. We then generated a functional brain atlas with 68 brain regions using independent component analysis of sleep fMRI data. Using this functional atlas, we constructed sleep level dependent functional brain networks. Results: When we evaluated functional connectivity distribution, sleep showed significantly reduced functional connectivity for the whole brain compared to that during wakefulness. REM sleep showed statistically different connectivity patterns compared to non-REM sleep in sleep-related subcortical brain circuits. Conclusion: This study suggests the feasibility of exploring functional brain networks using sleep EEG-fMRI for whole night sleep via appropriate experimental procedures and signal processing techniques for fMRI and EEG.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.377-384
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• 2001

Generally. there have been limitations to investigate structural brain abnormalities with MR images for psychiatric patients. such as schizophrenia. depression and autism, since the brain abnormalities of psychiatric Patients are too small to be detected easily. It has been suggested to exploit the result of size-comparison or analysis of specified Part in various brain tissues. Results of brain analysis highly depend on accuracy of the brain segmentation because it is hard to segment image that the boundary between tissues in the brain MRI is inherently value. In this Paper. we improve the quality of brain segmentation so that we increase the credit of brain analysis. In addition, we Provide the improved images for studying brain abnormalities through left-right insular volume measure using handy software tool .

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 1985

식이 중 지방함량이 성장기 뇌의 미토콘드리아 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 옥수수기름을 각각 10, 2, 0.5% 포함한 3종류의 식이를 임신한 Sprague Dawley종의 흰쥐에게 임신말기부터 제공했다. 수유기간 중의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 대조군(10%옥수수기름 섭취)의 일부에 분만 후 0.5% 결핍식이를 섭취시켰고, 또 이유후부터 0.5% 결핍식이군의 일부에 10% 정상식이를 주어 회복효과를 관찰하고자 하였다. 전 실험기간 동안 체중과 뇌 무게, 단백질 함량을 측정하였고 뇌에서의 미토콘드리아를 분리하여 지방산 조성을 관찰하였다. 출생후 수유기간 동안에는 대조군에 비해 지방결핍식이군에서 체중과 뇌의 무게가 다소 높았으나 이유 후 부터 점점 감소하여 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었고 특히 0.5% 식이군의 체중은 생후 6주와 7주에 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 그러나 체중에 대한 뇌무게와 뇌의 단백질 함량에 있어에는 대조군과 결핍군 사이에 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 따라서 지방결핍이 뇌 성장에 미치는 영향은 다른 영양소에 비해 크지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 뇌 미토콘드리아의 지방산 조성은 나이와 식이에 따라 변하였다. 나이를 먹음에 따라 단쇄 포화 지방산은 감소하고 다 불포화 지방산의 함량은 증가하였다. 또한 결핍식이군과 대조군 사이에 뇌 미토콘드리아 지방산조성을 살펴 본 결과 지방 결핍의 좋은 지표가 되고 불포화도, triene 과 tetraene의 비, 그리고 ${\omega}-6$ 계열과 ${\omega}-9$ 계열의 비에 있어서 큰 차이를 볼 수 있었다. 이들로 부터 성장초기에 지방함량을 조절한 식이에 의해 뇌 미토콘드리아 지질 조성이 크게 변하고 이에따라 미토콘드리아의 기능도 유의적인 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 1988

Cerebral rete mirabile는 잘 알려진 뇌혈관 질환으로 뇌혈관촬영상 내경동맥이 심한 협착 혹은 폐색, 뇌저부의 이상혈관망 형성 및 다수의 연수막동맥간문합과 경경수막 외내경동맥간문합의 특징적 소견을 나타낸다. 최근 방사성의약품의 발전과 함께, Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이용한 뇌SPECT는 뇌혈류역학의 평가, 병소의 조기발견 및 병소의 정확한 위치를 알기위한 상용진단 방법이 되었다. 저자들은 뇌 혈관촬영으로 확진된 10명 의 Cerebral rete mirabile 환자에서 뇌 전산화단층촬영과 Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이용한 국소뇌혈류 SPECT를 검토하였다. 대상환자중 남자는 3명, 여자는 7명이었으며, 연령분포는 6세에서 38세이었다. 1) Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이응한 국소 뇌혈류 SPECT는 뇌의 경색부위 뿐만 아니라 허혈부위까지 나타냈으며, cerebral rete mirabile에서의 뇌의 침습된 부위를 나타내는데 있어서 뇌전산화단층촬영보다 우월하였다. 또한 모든 예에서 뇌전산화반층촬영보다 더 넓은 허혈부위를 보여주었다. 2) 다른 허혈성 뇌혈관질환과 비교하여 cerebral rete mirabile는 비균질성 방사능을 나타냈고, 이는 측부순환로에 의한 것으로 추측된다. 3) Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이용한 국소뇌혈류 SPECT는 뇌의 허혈부위의 범위를 평가, 문합수술의 계획 및 cerebral rete mirabile의 경과를 추적하는데 유용한 검사이다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

The present study identified the brain based learning activities on the individual learning senses by using the brain laterality and the whole brain index. Students receive the information through the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic senses by Politano and Paquin's (2000) classification. These learning senses are reflected on brain by the various combinations of senses for learning. Measuring the types of the learning senses involving in brain laterality and whole brain is required to figure out the related learning styles. Self-directed learning involved in the learning senses shows the problem-based learning associated to the brain function by emphasizing the balanced brain utilization which is known as whole brain. These research results showed the successful whole brain learning is closely associated with elevated auditory learning and elevated visual learning in sensorimotor brainwave rhythm (SMR) while it shows the close association with elevated kinesthetic and elevated visual learning in beta brainwave rhythm.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.541-550
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• 2009

This research attempted to find out any implications for strategies to design and develop the connections between the activities of the brain function and the fields of English learning (dictation, word level, speaking, word memory, listening). Thus, in developing the brain based learning model for the English education, attempts need to be made to help learners to keep the whole brain toward learning. On this point, this study indicated the significant results for the exclusive brain location and the brainwaves on the each English learning field by the quantitative EEG analysis. The results of this study presented the guidelines for the balanced development of the left brain and the right brain to train the specific site of the brain connected to the English learning fields. In addition, whole brain training model is developed by the quantitative EEG data not by the theoretical learning methods focused on the right brain training.