• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.273-277
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• 2005

본 연구는 한국어 어말어미 산출시 나타나는 대뇌 활성화 영역을 살펴보기 위하여 실시되었다. 두 가지 실험이 실시되었다 실험 1은 어말어미의 기본형을 주고 이를 의문형, 명령형으로 산출하는 고립단어 실험을 실시하였다. 통제 조건으로 모음변환조건(C1)과 아라비아문자보기(C2)를 사용하였다. 실험 1의 결과 ‘어말어미-C1’ 조건에서 좌반구의 측두엽과 전두엽부분의 의 활성화 superior temporal gyrus와 inferior frontal gyrus의 활성화가 관찰되었다. ‘어말어미-C2’ 의 조건에서 우반구에서 후두엽의 활성화와 좌반구에서의 후두엽, 전두엽, lingual G, Cuneus, fusiform G, inferior occipital G에서의 활성화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 실험 2는 명령형과 의문형 어미의 형태점화효과와 관련된 대뇌 활성화 영역을 관찰하기 위하여 Er-fMRI 기법을 이용하여 실시되었다. 실험 조건은 어미동일조건, 어간반복조건, 무관련 조건으로 구성되었다. 피험자들은 점화자극이 제시된 후 신호가 제시되고 나오는 표적단어를 의문형 또는 명령으로 산출하도록 하는 과제를 실시하였다. 뇌 활성화 영역을 분석한 결과 의문형과 명령형을 산출할 때의 활성화 영역에서 $^{\ast}^{\ast}^{\ast}$를 볼 때의 영역을 빼기 (substraction)한 결과 공통적으로 좌반구 브로카 영역이 활성화되었고, 의문형과 명령형 안에서 어미동일조건에서 무관련 조건을 뺀 경우에는 좌반구의 superior temporal G 영역의 활성화가 관찰되었다. 이들 결과를 종합해 볼 때 어말어미 산출 그 자체와 직접 관련되는 영역으로는 좌반구의 측두엽과 전두엽 부분이 관찰되었다. 특히 한국어 어말어미 산출시 나타나는 형태점화 양상과 관련된 대뇌영역으로 발견된 브로카 영역에서의 활성화는 어미 변환과 관련된 영역이라기보다는 산출시 관련되는 articulation, motor coordinate관련 영역으로 추정되고, 측두엽의 활성화는 형태소, 의미 관련 지식의 data base로 추정된다. 또한 우반구 전두엽 부분에서 관찰된 활성화는 억제관련 영역으로 짐작된다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the appropriateness of gustatory features in product design affect product evaluation and accompanied response by using functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). Through the pilot survey, we categorized the product designs into two groups based on the level of the appropriateness. The total of 40 product designs were selected as the experimental stimuli. 15 right-handed participants(mean age = 23.33, SD = 1.7) were scanned with 3T MRI machine(ISOL Tech, Oxford OR63). The experimental stimuli were passively presented inside the scanner. In post scanning session, participants were asked to measure their preference and buying intention to the product designs. The results show that both the preference and buying intention were significantly higher for the high appropriateness condition compared to those of low appropriateness designs. Caudate nucleus and putamen, areas related to the positive reward such as monetary acquisition showed greater activation in response to the designs of high appropriateness condition, compared to the low appropriateness designs.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

Objective : This study was to investigate the effect of acupuncture on NADPH-diaphorase and nNOS in the brain stem and cerebellum of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods : The experimental groups were divided into four groups : Normal, Choksamni(ST36), Kokchi(LI11), arbitrary group. Thereafter we evaluated changes in NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons histochemically and changes in nNOS neurons immunohistochemically. Results : 1. The optical densities of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons of all the Choksamni & Kokchi groups were significantly different in SuG, DLPAG, IP, Pr, Gi areas of brain stem and cerebellum as compared to normal & arbitrary groups. In PPTg only Choksamni group was significantly different as compared to normal and arbitrary groups. 2. The optical densities of nNOS-positive neurons of Choksamni & Kokchi groups were significantly different in SuG, DLPAG areas of brain stem as compared to normal group. In IP, Pr only Kokchi group was significantly different as compared to normal group. The optical densities of nNOS-positive neurons of Choksamni & Kokchi groups were significantly different in SuG, DLPAG, PPTg, Pr, Gi areas of brain stem as compared to arbitrary group. In IP, Pr only Kokchi group was significantly different as compared to arbitrary group. 3. The optical densities of nNOS-positive neurons of all the Choksamni & Kokchi groups were not significantly different in cerebellum as compared to normal & arbitrary groups. Conclusions : We found out that acupuncture have effects on NADPH-diaphorase and nNOS in the brain stem and cerebellum of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.114-133
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• 2003

Objective : The meridian theory in oriental medicine explains that Sp9(Yinlingquan) has been considered very important for gynecological disorders, spleen and stomach disorders, and water metabolic disorders. Functional MRI is the best method of showing the evidences of the effect of the Electro-acupuncture treatment through scientific methods. On this supposition, Electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan) was carried out on six healthy volunteers, using the gradient echo sequence with the 3.0T whole-body MRI system(ISOL). Methods : Electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan), the experiment was carried out on six healthy volunteers, using the gradient echo sequence with the 3.0T whole-body MRI system(ISOL). After the needle insertion on right Sp9(Yinlingquan), 2Hz of electric stimulation was given for 30 seconds, repeated five times, with 30 seconds' intervals. The Image analysis including motion correction, talairach transformation, and smoothing was done using SPM99. Results : The electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan) activates Brodmann Area 13, 19, 22, 39, 40, 47 which may be the central pathways of the electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan). We also hypothesize that those brain areas may be directly or indirectly related with the mechanism of the effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.66-84
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• 2003

Objectve : Recent stuides suggested that there is a strong correlation between acupuncture stimulation and its cortical activation. Another study showed that either positive or negative BOLD effects could be observed depending on anatomical structure in acupuncture. Methods : 1) Subjects and paradigms: Two separate stimulation paradigms were performed in this study. To see the effects of electro-acupuncture stimulation on K7(Fuliu), the experiment was carried out on six healthy volunteers, using the gradient echo sequence with the 3.0T whole-body MRI system(ISOL). After the needle insertion on right K7(Fuliu), 2 Hz of electric stimulation was given for 30 seconds, repeated five times, with 30 seconds' intervals. During the intervals while there was no electro-stimulation, the subjects performed motor task as a reference. The image analysis including motion correction, talairach transformation, and smoothing was done using SPM99. Results: The electro-acupuncture stimulation on K7(Fuliu) activated Brodmann's Areas of 9, 19, 23, 24, 31, 32, 39 which may be the central pathways of the electro-acupuncture stimulation on K7(Fuliu) and those brain areas may be related with the function of the electro-acupuncture stimulation on K7(Fuliu).

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2003

With the advent of digital age, we've come to have an affinity with multimedia, in our daily lives, which has the most visual images. Everyday, more than 90 percent of people watch television, and most of them spend their time watching television and use internet for their leisure time activity. Multimedia change and diversify rapidly and have powerful potential. However, it is true that there is a considerable limit in the use of and application for their function. In this study, I've aimed at supporting the potential of therapeutic function which visual images have as the most powerful brain-stimulating-media. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, I've placed chroma therapy in the element of video production. Thus, I've produced functional videos which shall be the backbone of video therapy. For EEG and psychology test, 1 chose 25 employees as sample group, and testified the potential of it.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.958-961
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• 2015

Emotional expression is universal and emotional state impacts important areas in our life. Until now, analyzing the acquired EEG signals under circumstances caused by invoked feelings and efforts to define their emotional state have been made mainly by psychologists based on the results. But, recently emotion-related information was released by research results that it is possible to identify mental activity through measuring and analyzing the brain EEG signals. So, this study has compared and analyzed emotional expressions of human by using brain waves. To get EEG difference for a particular emotion, we showed specific subject images to the people for changing emotions that peace, joy, sadness and stress, etc. After measured EEG signals were converged into frequence domain by FFT signal process, we have showed EEG changes in emotion as a result of the performance analyzing each respective power spectrum of delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma waves.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 2003

Objective : To ascertain whether the concept of the treatment side is associated with changes in the blind spot mapping that represents the brain function. Methods : Among the outpatients who visited to Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, National Medical Center from March 2002 to October 2002, we selected 40 clinical trial volunteers that showed right side physiological blind spot more enlarged than left, and underwent the examinations of Department of Opthalmology, National Medical Center for ruling out the pathological conditions. Physiological blind spot maps were used as an integer of brain activity before and after electroacupuncture application on the unilateral ST36 meridian point by dividing 40 subjects into two comparative groups for double-blind controlled study. Results: The significant changes in the blind spots were observed. Electroacupuncture application on the ipsilateral or contralateral ST36 of an enlargement cortical map were associated with the concept of determining the treatment side. In the case of electroacupuncture application on the ipsilateral side of an enlarged blind spot, there were decrease of $4.11{\pm}8.56cm$(17.3%) in blind spot perimetry length(p < 0.05). In the case of contralateral side, there were increase of $3.19{\pm}5.40cm$(13.7%) in blind spot perimetry length(p<0.05). The Differences were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusions: We found that eletroacupuncture application was associated with an increase or decrease in the brain function in the view of blind spot changes depending on the treatment side. These results suggest that the traditional acupuncture therapeutic strategy with determining the treatment side has clinical significance in the view of the brain function.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.112-115
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• 2005

Objective: Thalamic lesioning and deep brain stimulation(DBS) have proved to be beneficial to the treatment of essential tremor(ET). The authors compared the effects and complications of two modalities. Methods: A total of 34 patients with ET were treated with ventral intermediate(Vim) nucleus thalamotomy or Vim DBS from May 1999 to May 2003. The procedure of lesioning or stimulation were performed as usual manner with or without microelectrode recording. Postoperatively, utilizing the various combinations of frequency, voltage and pulse width optimized the stimulation. The degree of improvements of tremor and the occurrence of the complications were evaluated postoperatively and at follow-up. Results: There were 38 procedures, including 27 with Vim thalamotomy and 11 with DBS, in 34 patients. Of the thalamotomy group, left Vim lesioning is 25 and right one is 2. Follow-up duration ranged from 12 to 57 months. In the thalamotomy group, the rate of overall good outcome was 88.9% but 12 patients (44.4%) showed permanent adverse effects. In the cases of stimulation, the rate of overall good outcome was 90.9% and two patients had acceptable dysarthria. Conclusion: Both Vim thalamotomy and Vim DBS were effective for the treatment of ET, although perioperative adverse effects tended to be higher in patients who had thalamotomy. In cases of DBS, adjustments of stimulation parameters enabled an acceptable position to be achieved with tremor control and unwanted effects.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.277-286
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• 2001

Improvement and possible commercialization of a home-made electroporation apparatus(home-made) were further tried to establish a simple and effective introduction of foreign gene into sperm followed by in vitro fertilization. Expressions of introduced pJJ9 and pNT plasmids were shown in all fertilized eggs with electroporated spermatozoa. In particular, with this gene transfer system all the fry showed a consistently transient expression in the syncytium of the yolk sac. This fact is important since some required, minute quantity of human proteins can be produced from the established transient expression on the yolk sac of all fry derived from in vitro fertilization with electroporated spermatozoa. To explore tissue-specific expression in fish, which we will use a similar system later, we targeted the nerve tissue to see whether tissue-specific promoter is working in fish properly. pNT plasmid containing a nerve cell-specific tubulin promoter gene demonstrated consistently exact targeted expressions among the developing nerve cells in later stages of embryos and hatched fry. Finally, liver-specific genes are now being cloned by using already selected primers for useful human protein gene fusion.