• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.412-422
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of 12-weeks aerobic exercise and taekwondo exercise on brain wave activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factors in undergraduate male students. Twenty four male subjects participated in this study. They were separated into a Control group(CG; n=8), Aerobic training group (ATG; n=8) and Taekwondo training group(TTG; n=8). ATG and TTG participated in Aerobic exercise training and Taekwondo exercise training for 12 weeks, 50~80 minutes per day, 3 times a week at 60~80% HRR respectively. All data were analyzed by repeated measures two-way ANOVA. As a result, there were no significant differences in the body composition and brain activation in all groups. However BDNF increased significantly after 12 weeks in the aerobic training groups(ATG). It is suggest that 12 weeks of regular Taekwondo exercise training did not statistically affect brain activation and neurotrophic factors in undergraduate students.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2016

Exercise increases the expression and interaction of major neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at both central and peripheral tissues, which contributes to improved brain and neural plasticity and cognitive function. Previous findings have been to understand the effect of light or moderate intensity aerobic exercise on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function, not that of high intensity aerobic exercise. However, recent findings suggest that high intensity interval training is a safe, less time-consuming, efficient way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and weight control, thus American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM)’s guidelines for exercise prescription for various adult populations also recommend the application of high intensity interval training to promote their overall health. High intensity interval training also enhances the expression of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF at the brain and peripheral tissues, which improves cognitive function. Increased frequency of intermittent hypoxia and increased usage of lactate as a supplementary metabolic resource at the brain and neural components are considered a putative physiological mechanism by which high intensity interval training improves neurotrophic factors and cognitive function. Therefore, future studies are required to understand how increased hypoxia and lactate usage leads to the improvement of neurotrophic factors and what the related biological mechanisms are. In addition, by comparing with the iso-caloric moderate continuous exercise, the superiority of high intensity interval training on the expression of neurotrophic factors and cognitive function should be demonstrated by associated future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.354-361
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular taekwondo training on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function in obese middle-aged women. Thirty-three middle-aged women with obesity were selected for this study and randomly assigned into a control group(CG, n=18) and an taekwondo group(TG, n=15). The TG performed taekwondo training 5 times weekly for 16 weeks, while the CG did not exercise training. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) levels were analyzed and Stroop Color and Word tests were performed before and after the intervention. The serum BDNF and IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in the TG after the intervention(p<.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were found in the serum VEGF levels, or in the Stroop Color and Word Test scores(p>.05). These results suggest that regular taekwondo training may be affects levels of peripheral neurotrophic factors but not cognitive function in obese middle-aged women.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.948-954
• /
• 2010

Exercise can favorably influence brain plasticity by facilitating neurogeneration, neuroadaptivity, and neuroprotection. Aerobic exercise has been reported to change brain nerve growth factors (growth hormone, insulin like factor-1, estrogen and serotonin). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of aerobic exercise for 12 weeks on brain nerve growth factors in girls. Fourteen female participants in elementary school grades 1 through 3 were randomly allocated to the exercise group (EG, n=6) and control group (CG, n=8). The EG participated in 60 minutes of modified ballet exercise as aerobic training three days a week for 12 weeks. Based on comparison between groups by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, aerobic exercise program participants experienced decreased weight (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), fat mass (p<0.001), fat percent (p<0.001) and increased LBM (lean body mass) percent (p<0.001). In addition, we detected that aerobic exercise decreased the level of serotonin (p<0.05) and increased the level of GH (p<0.05) and IGF-1 (p<0.05). These findings suggest that aerobic exercise programs can be an efficient intervention to change body composition, alleviate central fatigue, improve brain function, and induce brain cell proliferation in girls.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.8
• /
• pp.879-887
• /
• 2017

It is well established that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed not only in the brain but also in skeletal muscle, and is required for normal neuromuscular system function. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are potent regulators of skeletal muscle myogenesis and muscle gene expression, but the mechanisms of HDAC and IGF-I in skeletal muscle-derived BDNF expression have not been examined. In this study, we examined the effect of IGF-I and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a pan-HDAC inhibitor, on BDNF induction. Proliferating or differentiating C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were treated with increasing concentrations (0-50 ng/ml) of IGF-I in the absence or presence of $5{\mu}M$ SAHA for various time periods (3-24 hr). Treatment of C2C12 cells with IGF-I resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in BDNF mRNA expression. However, inhibition of HDAC led to a significant increase in the expression of BDNF mRNA levels. In addition, immunocytochemistry revealed high BDNF protein levels in undifferentiated C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, whether untreated, IGF-I-treated, or exposed to SAHA. These results represent the first evidence that IGF-I can suppress the mRNA and protein expression of BDNF; conversely, SAHA attenuates the effects of IGF-I. Consequently, SAHA upregulates BDNF expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.8 no.8
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2017

This study attempts to explore changes in the BDNF and blood lipid level through a 12-week aerobic exercise program aimed at the elderly women of a misdemeanor dementia, and was carried out for 3 times a week, 50 minutes each with the exercise angle 9-14. The following conclusions were obtained through this purpose and procedure. First, the results of BDNF showed a significant increase in the exercise group after conducting a 12-week aerobic exercise program. Second, after a 12-week aerobic exercise program in the athletic group, the results of the blood stop has showed the reduction of both total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the amount of high density lipoprotein cholesterol has increased. Therefore, the aerobic exercise program conducted in this study has a positive effect on lipid improvement along with dementia prevention, and through it helps to improve the quality of life of the elderly including significant improvement in physical and mental health.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.109-119
• /
• 1999

We investigated whether an aqueous extract of Chong-Myung-Tang inhibits secretion of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$ from primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. Chong-Myung-Tang dosedependently inhibited the $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with substance P (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore investigated whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from astrocytes by Chong-Myung-Tang. Treatment of Chong-Myung-Tang to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion. Moreover, incubation of astrocytes with IL-1 antibody abolished the synergistic cooperative effect of LPS and SP. These results suggest that Chong-Myung-Tang may inhibits $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that Chong-Myung-Tang has a antiinflammatory activity in the central nervous system.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.73-88
• /
• 2009

Objectives : Neuronal changes that result from treadmill exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease(PD) have not been well documented, although some clinical and laboratory reports suggest that regular exercise may produce a neuroprotective effect and restore dopaminergic and motor functions. However, it is not clear if the improvements are due to neuronal alterations within the affected nigrostriatal region or result from a more general effect of exercise on affect areas and motivation. In this study, we demonstrate that motorized treadmill exercise improves the neuronal outcomes in rodent models of PD. Methods : We used a chronic mouse model of parkinsonism, which was induced by injecting male C57BL/6 mice with 10 doses(Every 12 hour) of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (30 mg/kg) and probenecid (20 mg/kg) over 5 days. These mice were able to sustain an exercise training program on a motorized rodent treadmill at a speed of 18 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ of inclination, 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. At the end of exercise training, we extracted the brain and compared their neuronal and neurochemical changes with the control(saline and sedentary) mice groups. Synphilin protein is the substance that manifestly reacts with ${\alpha}$-synuclein. In this study, we used Synphilin as a manifest sign of recovery from neurodegeneration. We analyze the brain stems of the substantia nigra and striatum region using the western blotting technique. Results : There were no expression of synphilin in the saline-induced groups. The addition of MPTP(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) greatly accelerated synphilin expression which meant an aggregation of ${\alpha}$-synuclein. But, the MPTP-induced treadmill exercise group showed significantly lower expression than the MPTP-induced sedentary group. This means treadmill exercise has a definite effect on the decrease of ${\alpha}$-synuclein aggregation. Conclusions : In this study, our results suggest that treadmill exercise promoted the removal of the aggregation of ${\alpha}$-synuclein, resulting in protection against disease development and blocks the apoptotic process in the chronic parkinsonian mice brain with severe neurodegeneration.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1988.08a
• /
• pp.92-98
• /
• 1988

The present study was performed to find the effects of ginseng and its saponins. which is written in Chung Yao Ta Tsu Tien as anti-amnesia in its chief indication. on experimental amnesia in mice. In the step through test. ginsenoside $Rb_1\;(GRb_1)\;and\;GRg_1$ facilitated the registration of memory and antagonized the electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory. In the step down test. $GRb_1\;GRb_2\;and\;GRg_1$ antagonized the ECS-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory and facilitated the acquisition of short term memory. In the shuttle hox and lever press tests. they have no effects on acquisition and retrieval of memory. except $GRb_1\;GRb_1$ depressed the retrieval of conditioned avoidance response in the shuttle box test. After the end of four tests. the effects of these orally administered drugs on sedative. analgesic. antipyretic and anticonvulsant actions. and on spontaneous and exploratory movements were tested in doses of less than 500mg/kg. but they had none of these effects. Present study may indicate that $GRg_1$ had effects on the retrieval of memory and on the acquisition process of learning response. The recent research on the role of NGF for the survival. regeneration and regulation of brain in adult animals. indicated the importance of NGF on dementia and amnesia. During our research on the specificity of the neurite out growth induced by NGF. we found that the effect of NGF was potentiated by $GRb_1$ in organ cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Then. the effect of $GRb_1$ on neuronal cell survivalin cell culture system was studied. $GRb_1$ potentiated the NGF-mediated increase of neurofilaments in cell cultures of chick embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. NGF with $GRb_1$ also showed a tendency to increase the number of surviving neurons of rat embryonic cerebral cortex. NGF increased choline acetyl transferase activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. but $GRb_1$ did not potentiate NGF activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. Present study may indicate that $GRb_1$ plays an important role for the survival or regeneration of neurons in the brain.