• Agrochemical news magazine
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• v.24 no.4 s.187
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• pp.24-26
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• 2003

• Agrochemical news magazine
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• v.19 no.6 s.147
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• pp.48-50
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• 1998

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of biological monitoring to determine the factors that influence the effects of exposure to pyrethroid pesticides among highland cabbage farmers. Urine was collected from farmers who was cultivating Chinese cabbage in the relatively highground in Gangwon-do the morning following pesticide application and was analyzed for cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcy-clopropane carboxylic acid (DCCA) and 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA). Factors affecting exposure to pesticides, such as wind speed, spraying location, and the use of protective gear, were also investigated. Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Our analysis indicated that highland cabbage farmers were exposed to a higher level of pesticides than the general public or other types of farmers. When the wind speed was low, workers who sprayed pesticides were exposed to a higher level of pesticides compared to the exposure level in an assistant. However, there was no difference in exposure between the two when wind speed was high.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.391-401
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between exposure level to pyrethroid pesticide and wearing of protective equipment in 194 Chung-nam orchard male farmers. The urinary metabolites of pyrethroid pesticides, including Cis, Trans, DBCA, and 3-PBA, were analyzed by GC/MSD. As a result of this study, the detection rate and exposure level of 3-PBA was the highest among pyrethroid metabolites discovered by orchard farmers. As a result of analyzing the actual conditions of wearing protective equipment by the subjects of this study, the rate of agricultural farmers who wore four pieces of protective equipment compared to agricultural farmers wearing a single piece of protective clothing was as high as 35.1%. Pyrethroid exposure levels were low when farmers wore more personal protective equipment (PPE). In conclusion, training with regards to pesticide hazards and protective equipment for farmers who spray pesticides will help reduce pesticide exposure levels.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.2 no.11
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• pp.49-54
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• 1981

벼 통일계 신품종이 지난 1971년부터 우리나라에 재배돼면서부터 이들 신품종은 녹색혁명의 총아로 각광을 받게됐으며 더욱이 이들 신품종은 도열병에 대한 내병성이 강한것으로 알려져 증산의 꿈은 조기에 실현될듯 했다. 그러나 1976년 전북진안에서 1977년에는 임실에서 도열병변이균이 발견되더니 급기야 1978년에는 전국적으로 만연, 통일계품종이 이병화 품종으로 전락됐다. 올해는 전북 운봉에서 황숙기에 목도열병이 발생, 일부 지방 및 중앙지에 새로운 도열병이 발생됐음을 보도했다. 그러나 현지 농촌진흥원의 조사결과로는 새로운 변이균이 아니고 재래균으로 판명되고 있어 일단 안심은 돼나 이 지역이 위치$\cdot$기후적으로 새로운 도열병변이균이 발생될 가능성이 많은 지역이라 올해에 문제됐던 운봉지역 목도열병의 발생실태와 대책을 2회에 걸쳐 알아본다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2016

In order to investigate actual pesticide usage, this survey was carried out with farmers growing four crop groups, leaf vegetables, fruit vegetables, fruits, and rice from 2012 to 2015. Five hundred sixty farmers were selected in main crop production areas and were asked about their pesticide uses during the growing season. Investigations on pesticide damages to crop in recent 5 years showed that fruit vegetables had the highest proportion of damage at 14%, followed by rice at 11%, orchards at 11%, and leaf vegetables at 8%. Compared to the results of a pilot study which took place from 2009 to 2011, fruit vegetable damage increased by 4% while damage to rice and orchards decreased by 7-9%. This means continuous education on mixed spraying, usage methods, and precaution is required. In the survey on the safety guidelines for pesticide use, 6 items were well observed (89.0-95.0%), but one item for use of protective gear had the lowest observance (81.7%). A measure for protective gear for poisoning prevention is required. The survey of pesticide usage per area ($kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$) showed that 1.65, 4.93, 10.98, and $3.16kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ of pesticides were applied to leaf vegetables (6 species), fruit vegetables (6 species), fruits (6 species), and rice, respectively, which decreased from the usage reported in the pilot study. This change was likely caused by more effective pesticides and fewer pest outbreaks; therefore, shipments of pesticides have been decreasing. In the case of paddy rice herbicides, 43 products, including butachlor, were used for $1.3kg\;ha^{-1}$. Herbicides represent 44% of pesticides used in paddy rice.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.2 s.46
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• pp.258-273
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• 1994

To compare the physical complaints of vinylhouse farmers with those of non-vinylhouse farmers, a personal interviews on 250 vinylhouse and 142 non-vinylhouse farmers were conducted in Sungjoo county in Kyungpook province selected by a random sampling from July 5 to July 10, 1993. Blood pressure of the subjects was also measured. Vinylhouse farmers had a higher average age, larger family size, shorter experience of farming, more working hours per day and working days per year and higher annual income than the non-vinylhouse farmers. The frequency of pesticide spray of the vinylhouse farmers was 3.4 times on the average in June 1993 as compared with 2.0 times of non-vinylhouse farmers, and 16.7 times for the vinylhouse farmers during the last one year while it was 8.3 times for the non-vinylhouse farmers in the same period. While 39.6% of vinylhouse farmers experienced pesticide intoxication symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, itching, and skin irritation, etc. during the month of June, 25.4% of non-vinylhouse farmers experienced such symptoms. The most frequent symptoms among eight symptoms that constitute the farmers' syndrome were lumbago, numbness of hand or foot, shoulder pain and dizziness regardless of sex and type of farming. Prevalence of the farmers' syndrome in male and female among vinylhouse farmers were 22.1%, 43.4%, respectively, and the prevalence in non-vinylhouse farmers was 23.2% for male and 50.7% for female. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of farmers' syndrome between vinylhouse and non-vinylhouse farmers. However, the prevalence in female was about 2 times higher than that of male. When the effects of other factors were adjusted by multiple logistic regression for farmers' syndrome, the prevalence in female was 3.0 times higher than that of male. The prevalence of farmers' syndrome was increased as the age of farmers increased in both vinylhouse and non-vinylhouse farmers, and adjusted odds ratio of farmers' syndrome increased by 3% as the age increased by 1 year. Adjusted odds ratio for Farmers' syndrome in farmers who experienced pesticide intoxication during the month of June was 3.1 times higher than that of farmers who did not have such experience. While the prevalence of hypertension in male and female non-vinylhouse farmers were 22.4%, 13.7%, respectively, the prevalence in vinylhouse farmers were 13.5% for male and 12.0% for female. However, there was no association between farmers' syndrome and hypertension. It was found in this study that the vinylhouse farmers are at a high risk of pesticide intoxication, which is associated with tile common physical complaints. To reduce such risk it is necessary to develop farming methods which do not require the pesticide or may use less pesticide, a safer method of pesticide spraying, and the protective equipments which can be worn at a high temperature and have a better protective effect. Also education of farmers for the correct methods of ventilation after pesticide spraying in the vinylhouse and wearing the protective equipments may be considered as a supportive method. Since inappropriate posture at work and intensive labor may cause farmers' syndrome, it is recommended to develop farming tools which reduce physical burden and take a rest and exercise periodically during work. It is necessary to strengthen the hypertension management program of the Kyungpook province, because the prevalence of hypertension was as high as about 15%.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.120-147
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• 1994

This study was performed for the purpose of evaluating the stress distribution around threaded type implants, cylindrical type implants and teeth connected with rigid or non-rigid connector. The stress distribution around the surrounding bone was analyzed by three-dimensional photoelastic method. Twelve mandibular photoelastic epoxy resin models and a circular polariscope were used to record the isochromatic fringes. After the stress distribution around the implant and tooth was observed, the results were as follows ; 1. In threaded type implants, stress concentrated patterns were observed at the neck either vertical or 25 degree lateral force. 2. The stress concentrated patterns were observed at the tooth apical portion and neck portions of the implant and tooth when a threaded implant was connected with the tooth by either a rigid or non-rigid connector. More force was generated at the tooth neck portion by a rigid connector and more force at the implant neck portion by a non-rigid connector. 3. The stress concentrated patterns were observed at the apical portion of the implant and tooth when a cylindrical type ,implant was connected with the tooth either by a rigid or non-rigid connector. More force was generated at the tooth apical portion by a rigid connector and more force at the neck portion of the tooth and implant by a non-rigid connector. 4. The stress around the tooth was more equally distributed in a threaded type implant than in a cylindrical implant when the tooth was connected with either a rigid or non-rigid connector. 5. The stress around a threaded type implant was progressively more equally distributed in the following order : 1) when used a single implant, 2) a non-rigid connection with the implant and tooth, 3) a rigid connection with the implant and tooth, 4) a rigid connection with two implant fixtures.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 1999

Effect of insecticide carbofuran and phenobarbital sodium(PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC), they were orally administered by the chemicals, alone or in combination, on activities of several enzymes in rats were investigated. In in vivo test for the effect of this chemicals on activity of enzyme in rat, activities of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase(BuCheE) were inhibited by $20{\sim}70%$ for 48 hrs after the oral administration of carbofuran alone of 3.8mg/kg, whereas those were lowered at the beginning, but recovered to the control level after 24 hrs, in case of the mixed administration of carbofuran+PB or carbofuran+3-MC. The activity of glutathione S-transferase(GST) was inhibited by more than 15 to 35% for an early period of 0.5 to 6 hrs, in the case of the administration of carbofuran alone, whereas that was slightly inhibited at the beginning, recovered almost to the control level after 3 hrs, and raised by mere than 20% above the control after 6 hrs, in case of the mixed administration of carbofuran+PB or carbofuran+3-MC. When carbofuran was administered alorig with PB or 3-MC, the activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase(UDPGT) and cytochrome P-450 were more than 2.6 to 2.8 times higher than that in the case of the administration of carbofuran alone for 6 hrs. These results suggest that a simultaneous application of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC is critical for the enhancentment of activity of GST, UDPGT and cytochrome P450 and the protection of rat from carbofuran toxicity.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1997

This study was carried out to reveal the status of health examination among farmers and to attract more attention to the health care system for farmers. Ten pre-trained medical students interviewed the rural residents 18 years of age and older in eight villages which were randomly selected from a county near Taegu city in Korea, in August 1996. Finally 751 persons were interviewed of whom the percentages of male and female were 41.8%, 58.2% respectively. Among the subjects, 361(48.3%) were fully engaged in farming, 184(24.4%) were partly engaged, and the remaining 206(27.3%) were not engaged in farming at all. The overall prevalence of farmer's disease was 23.0% and there was no significant difference between the group of fully engaged in farming(23.3%) and the group of not-fully engaged(22.9%). But the prevalence of farmer's disease in female subjects(27.8%) was significantly higher than that in male(16.2%)(p<0.01). Among the 288 farmer engaged in spraying pesticide, 113(39.2%) had experienced one or more pesticide related symptoms during last one year, but only 18(15.9%) of them had visited medical facilities due to their symptoms. The experience of receiving education about pesticide was significantly correlated with the degree of wearing protectors during pesticide spraying(p<0.001). Among the 736 persons excluding non-respondents, 281(38.2%) received health examination during last one year ; 176(62.6%) of them received free health examination, and 105(37.4%) received charged one. Among the 533 persons 40 years age and older, only 124(23.3%) had received the 'health examination for the elderly' during last one year, which is provided for the 40 years age and older by Korea medical insurance corporation and medical insurance societies. Most of all beneficiaries of self-employed medical insurance thought the imposed contributions as very expensive(77.4%) or moderately expensive(13.2%). The great majority of farmers are exposed to various health risk factors including pesticide, high temperature, overwork etc. comparable to industrial workers. But farmers are excluded from the regular yearly worker's health examination because of not belonging to a company despite they pay relatively more medical insurance contributions compared with the industrial workers and the urban self-employed medical insureds. It is necessary to develop special health management program for farmers such as the special health examination for the industrial workers exposed harmful agents.